Chapter 1

Question 1

Define Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of form

Question 2

How can one examine the structure of the body? (4)

Answer 2

Inspection
Percussion
Palpation
Auscultation

Question 3

Define Cadaver dissection

Answer 3

cutting & separation of tissues to reveal relationship

Question 4

Define comparative anatomy

Answer 4

study of more than 1 species in order to determine structural similarities & differences

Question 5

Define percussion

Answer 5

tapping on surface to determine the underlying structure

Question 6

Define palpation

Answer 6

feeling with fingers during examination

Question 7

Define auscultation

Answer 7

listening to sounds of the internal body

Question 8

How can you study human anatomy? (7)

Answer 8

Exploratory surgery
Medical imaging
Gross anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Ultrastructure
Histopathology

Question 9

Define Physiology

Answer 9

the study of function

Question 10

What are a few sub-disciplines of physiology? (3)

Answer 10

neurophysiology
endocrinology
pathophysiology

Question 11

Hippocrates (3)

Answer 11

“Father of Medicine”
established code of ethics
urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease

Question 12

Aristotle (3)

Answer 12

one of the first philosophers to write about A&P
diseases had either supernatural vs natural causes
complex structures are built from simpler parts

Question 13

supernatural causes of disease (Aristotle)

Answer 13

theologi

Question 14

natural causes of disease (Aristotle)

Answer 14

physiologi

Question 15

Claudius Galen (3)

Answer 15

did animal dissection
saw science as a method of discover
thought followers should trust their own observations

Question 16

Andreas Vesalius (1)

Answer 16

published the first atlas of anatomy

Question 17

William Harvey & Servetus (1)

Answer 17

realized blood flows from heart and back to it again

Question 18

Robert Hooke (1)

Answer 18

made improvements to the compound microscope

Question 19

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann (1)

Answer 19

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells (first tenet cell theory)

Question 20

Scientific Method (6)

Answer 20

1. make observation
2. form hypothesis
3. perform experiment
4. analyze data
5. report your findings
6. invite others to reproduce results

Question 21

Knowledge of anatomy obtained by this method?

Answer 21

Inductive Method

Question 22

Inductive Method

Answer 22

making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations & predictions
can not be falsified

Question 23

More physiological knowledge gained by this method?

Answer 23

Hypothetico-deductive Method

Question 24

Hypothetico-deductive method

Answer 24

testable hypothesis that can be falsified w/evidence

Question 25

Aspects of experimental designs that help to ensure objective & reliable results? (4)

Answer 25

sample size controls psychosomatic effects experimenter bias

Question 26

Peer Review

Answer 26

critical evaluation by other experts in the field

Question 27

scientific fact

Answer 27

information that can be independently varied by trained person (reproducible)

Question 28

law of nature (2)

Answer 28

- generalizations about the predictable way matter and energy behave - results from inductive reasoning

Question 29

theory

Answer 29

a set of statements derived from fact, law, and confirmed hypothesis

Question 30

theory of natural selection (2)

Answer 30

- describes how species originated and changed through time | - leads to evolution

Question 31

evolution

Answer 31

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

Question 32

selection pressure

Answer 32

natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others

Question 33

some individuals have ______ ____over their competitors

Answer 33

hereditary advantage

Question 34

adaptions

Answer 34

features of an organism A&P that have evolved in response to a selection pressure that helps the organisms cope with the challenge of the environment

Question 35

The principal theory of how evolution works, is called?

Answer 35

natural selection

Question 36

What are some adaptations for treetop lifestyle? (5)

Answer 36

- mobile shoulders - forward facing eyes - opposable thumbs - color vision - larger brains & good memory

Question 37

bipedalism

Answer 37

standing & walking on two legs

Question 38

What are some adaptations for bipedalism?

Answer 38

- skeletal & muscular modifications - increased brain volume - family life & social changes

Question 39

List the hierarchy of complexity (8)

Answer 39

atoms->molecules->organelles->cells->tissues->organs->organ systems->organism

Question 40

reductism

Answer 40

a large complex system can be understood by studying it simpler components

Question 41

holism

Answer 41

the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of separate parts

Question 42

What percentage of humans are anatomically variant? examples?

Answer 42

30% kidney (horseshoe or pelvic) aorta of the heart

Question 43

What are the characteristics of a living organism? (8)

Answer 43

- organization - cellular composition - metabolism - responsiveness & movement - homeostasis - development - reproduction - evolution

Question 44

homeostasis

Answer 44

body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms to oppose it, and in turn stabilize the internal environment

Question 45

Who coined the term homeostasis?

Answer 45

Walton Cannon

Question 46

Negative feedback

Answer 46

maintain homeostasis & keep variables close to the set point

Question 47

Examples of negative feedback

Answer 47

vasoconstriction (cold) & vasodilation (hot)

Question 48

What are the components of negative feedback?

Answer 48

receptor, integration system, & effector

Question 49

positive feedback (2)

Answer 49

- self amplifying cycle | - change produces more change

Question 50

Examples of positive feedback

Answer 50

childbirth, fever, blood clotting

Question 51

gradient

Answer 51

difference in chemical concentration, charge, temp, or pressure between 2 points

Question 52

Matter & energy tend to flow ______ gradients.

Answer 52

down

Question 53

large=_____ larger=____ largest=______

Answer 53

magnus major maximus

Question 54

In X-rays dense tissue appears______

Answer 54

white

Question 55

radiopaque substances

Answer 55

injected/swallowed that fills hollow structures

Question 56

CT scan (2)

Answer 56

- also known as CAT scan | - low intensity xrays that produce slice images

Question 57

PET scan/positron emission tomography (2)

Answer 57

- distinguishes which tissues are most active at a given moment - good for cancer - red:active blue:inactive

Question 58

MRI/magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 58

- best for soft tissue | - slice images produced superior to CT scan

Question 59

sonography

Answer 59

high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs