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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of form

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2
Q

How can one examine the structure of the body? (4)

A

Inspection
Percussion
Palpation
Auscultation

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3
Q

Define Cadaver dissection

A

cutting & separation of tissues to reveal relationship

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4
Q

Define comparative anatomy

A

study of more than 1 species in order to determine structural similarities & differences

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5
Q

Define percussion

A

tapping on surface to determine the underlying structure

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6
Q

Define palpation

A

feeling with fingers during examination

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7
Q

Define auscultation

A

listening to sounds of the internal body

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8
Q

How can you study human anatomy? (7)

A 
Exploratory surgery
Medical imaging
Gross anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Ultrastructure
Histopathology
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9
Q

Define Physiology

A

the study of function

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10
Q

What are a few sub-disciplines of physiology? (3)

A

neurophysiology
endocrinology
pathophysiology

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11
Q

Hippocrates (3)

A

“Father of Medicine”
established code of ethics
urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease

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12
Q

Aristotle (3)

A

one of the first philosophers to write about A&P
diseases had either supernatural vs natural causes
complex structures are built from simpler parts

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13
Q

supernatural causes of disease (Aristotle)

A

theologi

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14
Q

natural causes of disease (Aristotle)

A

physiologi

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15
Q

Claudius Galen (3)

A

did animal dissection
saw science as a method of discover
thought followers should trust their own observations

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16
Q

Andreas Vesalius (1)

A

published the first atlas of anatomy

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17
Q

William Harvey & Servetus (1)

A

realized blood flows from heart and back to it again

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18
Q

Robert Hooke (1)

A

made improvements to the compound microscope

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19
Q

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann (1)

A

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells (first tenet cell theory)

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20
Q

Scientific Method (6)

A
  1. make observation
  2. form hypothesis
  3. perform experiment
  4. analyze data
  5. report your findings
  6. invite others to reproduce results
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21
Q

Knowledge of anatomy obtained by this method?

A

Inductive Method

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22
Q

Inductive Method

A

making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations & predictions
can not be falsified

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23
Q

More physiological knowledge gained by this method?

A

Hypothetico-deductive Method

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24
Q

Hypothetico-deductive method

A

testable hypothesis that can be falsified w/evidence

25
Q

Aspects of experimental designs that help to ensure objective & reliable results? (4)

A

sample size
controls
psychosomatic effects
experimenter bias

26
Q

Peer Review

A

critical evaluation by other experts in the field

27
Q

scientific fact

A

information that can be independently varied by trained person (reproducible)

28
Q

law of nature (2)

A
  • generalizations about the predictable way matter and energy behave
  • results from inductive reasoning
29
Q

theory

A

a set of statements derived from fact, law, and confirmed hypothesis

30
Q

theory of natural selection (2)

A
  • describes how species originated and changed through time

- leads to evolution

31
Q

evolution

A

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

32
Q

selection pressure

A

natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others

33
Q

some individuals have ______ ____over their competitors

A

hereditary advantage

34
Q

adaptions

A

features of an organism A&P that have evolved in response to a selection pressure that helps the organisms cope with the challenge of the environment

35
Q

The principal theory of how evolution works, is called?

A

natural selection

36
Q

What are some adaptations for treetop lifestyle? (5)

A
  • mobile shoulders
  • forward facing eyes
  • opposable thumbs
  • color vision
  • larger brains & good memory
37
Q

bipedalism

A

standing & walking on two legs

38
Q

What are some adaptations for bipedalism?

A
  • skeletal & muscular modifications
  • increased brain volume
  • family life & social changes
39
Q

List the hierarchy of complexity (8)

A

atoms->molecules->organelles->cells->tissues->organs->organ systems->organism

40
Q

reductism

A

a large complex system can be understood by studying it simpler components

41
Q

holism

A

the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of separate parts

42
Q

What percentage of humans are anatomically variant? examples?

A

30%
kidney (horseshoe or pelvic)
aorta of the heart

43
Q

What are the characteristics of a living organism? (8)

A
  • organization
  • cellular composition
  • metabolism
  • responsiveness & movement
  • homeostasis
  • development
  • reproduction
  • evolution
44
Q

homeostasis

A

body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms to oppose it, and in turn stabilize the internal environment

45
Q

Who coined the term homeostasis?

A

Walton Cannon

46
Q

Negative feedback

A

maintain homeostasis & keep variables close to the set point

47
Q

Examples of negative feedback

A

vasoconstriction (cold) & vasodilation (hot)

48
Q

What are the components of negative feedback?

A

receptor, integration system, & effector

49
Q

positive feedback (2)

A
  • self amplifying cycle

- change produces more change

50
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

childbirth, fever, blood clotting

51
Q

gradient

A

difference in chemical concentration, charge, temp, or pressure between 2 points

52
Q

Matter & energy tend to flow ______ gradients.

A

down

53
Q

large=_____
larger=____
largest=______

A

magnus
major
maximus

54
Q

In X-rays dense tissue appears______

A

white

55
Q

radiopaque substances

A

injected/swallowed that fills hollow structures

56
Q

CT scan (2)

A
  • also known as CAT scan

- low intensity xrays that produce slice images

57
Q

PET scan/positron emission tomography (2)

A
  • distinguishes which tissues are most active at a given moment
  • good for cancer
  • red:active blue:inactive
58
Q

MRI/magnetic resonance imaging

A
  • best for soft tissue

- slice images produced superior to CT scan

59
Q

sonography

A

high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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