Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The study of form
How can one examine the structure of the body? (4)
Inspection
Percussion
Palpation
Auscultation
Define Cadaver dissection
cutting & separation of tissues to reveal relationship
Define comparative anatomy
study of more than 1 species in order to determine structural similarities & differences
Define percussion
tapping on surface to determine the underlying structure
Define palpation
feeling with fingers during examination
Define auscultation
listening to sounds of the internal body
How can you study human anatomy? (7)
Exploratory surgery Medical imaging Gross anatomy Cytology Histology Ultrastructure Histopathology
Define Physiology
the study of function
What are a few sub-disciplines of physiology? (3)
neurophysiology
endocrinology
pathophysiology
Hippocrates (3)
“Father of Medicine”
established code of ethics
urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease
Aristotle (3)
one of the first philosophers to write about A&P
diseases had either supernatural vs natural causes
complex structures are built from simpler parts
supernatural causes of disease (Aristotle)
theologi
natural causes of disease (Aristotle)
physiologi
Claudius Galen (3)
did animal dissection
saw science as a method of discover
thought followers should trust their own observations
Andreas Vesalius (1)
published the first atlas of anatomy
William Harvey & Servetus (1)
realized blood flows from heart and back to it again
Robert Hooke (1)
made improvements to the compound microscope
Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann (1)
concluded that all organisms were composed of cells (first tenet cell theory)
Scientific Method (6)
- make observation
- form hypothesis
- perform experiment
- analyze data
- report your findings
- invite others to reproduce results
Knowledge of anatomy obtained by this method?
Inductive Method
Inductive Method
making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations & predictions
can not be falsified
More physiological knowledge gained by this method?
Hypothetico-deductive Method
Hypothetico-deductive method
testable hypothesis that can be falsified w/evidence
Aspects of experimental designs that help to ensure objective & reliable results? (4)
sample size
controls
psychosomatic effects
experimenter bias
Peer Review
critical evaluation by other experts in the field
scientific fact
information that can be independently varied by trained person (reproducible)
law of nature (2)
- generalizations about the predictable way matter and energy behave
- results from inductive reasoning
theory
a set of statements derived from fact, law, and confirmed hypothesis
theory of natural selection (2)
- describes how species originated and changed through time
- leads to evolution
evolution
change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms
selection pressure
natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others
some individuals have ______ ____over their competitors
hereditary advantage
adaptions
features of an organism A&P that have evolved in response to a selection pressure that helps the organisms cope with the challenge of the environment
The principal theory of how evolution works, is called?
natural selection
What are some adaptations for treetop lifestyle? (5)
- mobile shoulders
- forward facing eyes
- opposable thumbs
- color vision
- larger brains & good memory
bipedalism
standing & walking on two legs
What are some adaptations for bipedalism?
- skeletal & muscular modifications
- increased brain volume
- family life & social changes
List the hierarchy of complexity (8)
atoms->molecules->organelles->cells->tissues->organs->organ systems->organism
reductism
a large complex system can be understood by studying it simpler components
holism
the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of separate parts
What percentage of humans are anatomically variant? examples?
30%
kidney (horseshoe or pelvic)
aorta of the heart
What are the characteristics of a living organism? (8)
- organization
- cellular composition
- metabolism
- responsiveness & movement
- homeostasis
- development
- reproduction
- evolution
homeostasis
body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms to oppose it, and in turn stabilize the internal environment
Who coined the term homeostasis?
Walton Cannon
Negative feedback
maintain homeostasis & keep variables close to the set point
Examples of negative feedback
vasoconstriction (cold) & vasodilation (hot)
What are the components of negative feedback?
receptor, integration system, & effector
positive feedback (2)
- self amplifying cycle
- change produces more change
Examples of positive feedback
childbirth, fever, blood clotting
gradient
difference in chemical concentration, charge, temp, or pressure between 2 points
Matter & energy tend to flow ______ gradients.
down
large=_____
larger=____
largest=______
magnus
major
maximus
In X-rays dense tissue appears______
white
radiopaque substances
injected/swallowed that fills hollow structures
CT scan (2)
- also known as CAT scan
- low intensity xrays that produce slice images
PET scan/positron emission tomography (2)
- distinguishes which tissues are most active at a given moment
- good for cancer
- red:active blue:inactive
MRI/magnetic resonance imaging
- best for soft tissue
- slice images produced superior to CT scan
sonography
high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
