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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue (Part 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What systems maintain the internal coordination? (2)

A

endocrine & nervous system

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2
Q

Which system communicates using chemical messengers secreted into the blood?

A

endocrine

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3
Q

Which system employs electrical & chemical means to send messages?

A

nervous

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4
Q

3 basic tasks of the nervous system

A
  1. Receive info about changes in the body & transmit info to spinal cord & brain
  2. Brain & spinal cord process the info and determine response
  3. Brain & spinal cord issue commands to muscles & glands to carry out response
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5
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

spinal cord & brain

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7
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

ganglia & nerves

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8
Q

nerves

A

a bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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9
Q

ganglion

A

a knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated

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10
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?

A

sensory & motor

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11
Q

sensory afferent division

A

carries sensory signals from various receptors to the CNS

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12
Q

somatic sensory division

A

carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, & joints

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13
Q

visceral sensory division

A

carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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14
Q

afferent

A

towards the CNS

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15
Q

efferent

A

away from the CNS

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16
Q

motor efferent division

A

carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out body responses

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17
Q

effectors

A

cells and organs that respond to commands from CNS

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18
Q

somatic motor division

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles

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19
Q

visceral motor division is also known as_____

A

autonomic nervous system

involuntary that carries signals to glands, smooth muscle

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20
Q

visceral motor division is divided into

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic system

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21
Q

sympathetic division

A

“fight or flight” response

tends to arouse body for action

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22
Q

parasympathetic division

A

“rest or digest”

tends to have calming effect

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23
Q

excitability

A

respond to environmental changes called stimuli

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24
Q

properties of neurons (3)

A
  • excitability
  • conductivity
  • secretion
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25
Q

conductivity

A

neurons respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals

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26
Q

secretion

A

when electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber and a chemical is secreted

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27
Q

______->________->________

A

afferent; interneurons; efferent

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28
Q

interneurons (3)

A
  • lie entirely within the CNS
  • carry out the integration function of the CNS
  • 90% of neurons
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29
Q

integrative function

A

ability to process, store, and retrieve info to make decisions

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30
Q

soma (4)

A
  • the control center of the neuron
  • made of microtubules & neurofibrils
  • no centrioles = no cell division
  • inclusions
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31
Q

dendrites

A

vast number of branches that come from thick branches of the soma that receive signals from other neurons

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32
Q

axon?=______

A

nerve fiber

originates from mound on one side of the soma

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33
Q

branches of the axon?

A

axon collaterals

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34
Q

extensive complex of fine branches?

A

terminal arborization

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35
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of axon

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36
Q

axolemma

A

plasma membrane of axon

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37
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one axon and one dendrite

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38
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single process leading away from the soma

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39
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

many dendrites but no axon

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40
Q

axonal transport

A

two way passage of proteins, organelles, and other material along an axon

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41
Q

What are the 2 types of axonal transport? describe?

A

anterograde: movement down the axon from soma
retrograde: movement up the axon toward the soma

42
Q

What helps guide materials along axon

A

microtubules

43
Q

Motor proteins used to carry material along microtubules?

A

kinesin(anterograde) & dynein(retrograde)

44
Q

fast anterograde vs fast retrograde transport

A

anterograde: for small particles, organelles, enzymes, synaptic vesicles (immediate)
retrograde: for recycled materials and pathogens

45
Q

slow axonal transport (2)

A
  • always anterograde

- damaged nerve fibers regenerate at a speed governed by this

46
Q

neuroglia (4)

A
  • outnumber neurons 50 to 1
  • support & protect the neurons
  • bind neurons together & form framework for nervous tissue
  • allow signals to move fast
47
Q

Neuroglial cells in CNS? (4)

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • microglia
48
Q

Neuroglial cells in PNS? (2)

A
  • schwann cells

- satellites cells

49
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in CNS

50
Q

ependymal cells

A

secrete & circulates cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

microglia

A
  • immune system

- small macrophages formed WBC (monocytes)

52
Q

astrocytes (2)

A
  • busy (multiple functions)

- most abundant glial cell in CNS

53
Q

functions of astrocytes (5)

A
  • form supportive framework
  • have perivascular feet to form blood brain barrier
  • convert blood glu to lactate (generate energy)
  • promote nerve growth factors
  • regulate chemical composition (absorb excess neurotransmitter)
54
Q

astrocytosis

A

when neuron is damaged, astrocytes form hardened scar tissue & fill space formerly occupied by the neuron

55
Q

compartmentalized rough ER in soma

A

nissal bodies

56
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheath in PNS

57
Q

satellite cells (2)

A
  • surround the neurosomas in ganglia

- provide electrical insulation around the soma

58
Q

tumors

A

masses of rapidly dividing cells

59
Q

brain tumors arise from ____

A

meninges & metastasis from nonneuronal tumors

60
Q

gliomas (3)

A
  • grow rapidly & highly malignant
  • blood brain barrier decreases effectiveness of chemotherapy
  • treatment with surgery or radiation
61
Q

_______- can regenerate unlike neurons

A

neuroglia

62
Q

myelin sheath

A

an insulating layer around the nerve fiber; consists of 20% protein & 80% lipid

63
Q

The myelin sheath is created by the ______ in the CNS and the ______ in the PNS

A

oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

64
Q

myelination

A

production of the myelin sheath begins at week 14 of fetal development

65
Q

How is the myelin sheath added to nerve fibers in the PNS?

A

by schwann cells repeatedly spiraling a single nerve fiber; no cytoplasm between the membrane

66
Q

neurilemma (2)

A
  • thick outermost coil of myelin sheath

- contains nucleus & most of cytoplasm

67
Q

endoneurium

A

external to the neurilemma made of a fibrous connective tissue

68
Q

How is the myelin sheath added to nerve fiber in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes reach out to myelinate several nerve fibers in its immediate vicinity

69
Q

T or F nerve fibers in the CNS have neurilemma or endoneurium

A

FALSE

70
Q

node of ranvier

A

gap between segments of myelin sheath

71
Q

internodes

A

myelin-covered segments from one gap to the next

72
Q

initial segment

A

short section of nerve fiber between the axon hillock and the first glial cell

73
Q

trigger zone

A

the axon hillock & the initial segment (play a role in initiating a nerve signal)

74
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • oligodendrocytes & myelin sheath in the CNS deteriorate
  • myelin sheath is hardened by scar tissue
  • nerve conduction disrupted
  • fatal 25-30 years after diagnosis
75
Q

tay-sachs disease

A

a hereditary disorder of infants with an abnormal accumulation of glycolipid called ganglioside(GM2) in the myelin sheath

76
Q

mesaxon

A

neurilemma wrapping of unmyelinated nerve fibers

77
Q

The speed at which a nerve signal travels along a nerve fiber depends on what 2 factors?

A
  • diameter of fiber

- presence or absence of myelin

78
Q

Where is the signal conduction occur in a nerve fiber

A

along the surface

79
Q

Which signal conduction is the fastest?

A

large & myelinated

80
Q

denervation atrophy

A

due to loss of nerve contact by damaged nerve

81
Q

When can regeneration of a damaged peripheral fiber occur?

A
  • its soma is intact

- at least some of the neurilemma remains

82
Q

axon hillock contains ___ & ____

A

trigger zone & initial segment

83
Q

When cant fibers be regenerated?

A

if they are distal to the injury because macrophages clean up tissue debris

84
Q

During regeneration of a never fiber what happens?

A

soma swells, ER break up, and the nucleus moves off center

85
Q

regeneration tube is produced by what? (3)

A

schwann cells
basal lamina
neurilemma near injury

86
Q

Can regeneration of damaged fibers in the CNS occur?

A

NO

87
Q

nerve growth factor

A

a protein secreted by a gland, muscle, & glial cell and picked up by the axon terminals of the neuron that prevents cell apoptosis

88
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70mV (negative means more negatively charge particles on the inside)
charge difference across the plasma membrane

89
Q

What maintains the resting membrane potential?

A

Na/K pump (3 Na for 2 K)

90
Q

What is the greatest influence on the RMP?

A

K because the membrane is more permeable to it & its more concentrated in the ICF

91
Q

_____ is concentrated in the ICF & _____ is concentrated in the ECF when a membrane is at resting membrane potential?

A

K inside and Na outside

92
Q

local potentials

A

(short range change)
disturbance in membrane potential when a neuron is stimulated; when a short current is produced by Na diffusing in that travels toward the cell trigger zone

93
Q

process of neuron response (4)

A
  1. begins at the dendrites
  2. spreads through the soma
  3. travels down the axon
  4. ends at the synaptic knobs
94
Q

what causes a membrane to depolarize?

A

when a neuron is stimulated by chemical, light or heat that causes Na channels to open and Na rushes in which results in the cell becoming less negative

95
Q

action potential

A

more dramatic change produced by a voltage regulated ion gates in the plasma membrane; can not be regenerated by a soma

96
Q

threshold

A
  • 55mV
  • critical voltage to which local potential must rise to open the voltage-regulated gates
  • once reached a neuron fires and produces an action potential
97
Q

spike (2)

A

when more and more Na+ channels open in a positive feedback cycle at the trigger zone that creates a rapid rise in the membrane voltage
-often called an action potential

98
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the effect of leaving K+ gates open longer than Na+

99
Q

What is affected during an action potential?

A

a thin layer of the cytoplasm next to cell membrane

100
Q

action potential vs. local potential

A

action: all or nothing; nondecremential (do not get weaker with distance); irreversible
local: graded (vary in magnitude w/ stimulus strength);decremential ;reversible; either excitatory or inhibitory

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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