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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 16: Sense Organs > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptor

A

a structure that detects a stimuli

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2
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of one form of energy to another

stimulus energy to nerve signal

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3
Q

sensation

A

an awareness of the stimulus

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4
Q

most ____ signals delivered to the CNS produce no ____ sensation

A

sensory; conscious

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of info transmitted by sensory receptors?

A
  • modality
  • location
  • intensity
  • duration
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6
Q

modality

A

type of stimulus or the sensation it produces

vision, hearing, taste

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7
Q

What does the brain use to interpret what modality a signal represents?

A

labeled line code

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8
Q

Why does the body have a labeled line code?

A

because all action potentials are the same

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9
Q

location

A

encoded by which nerve fibers are issuing signals to the brain

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10
Q

area that detects stimuli for a sensory neuron

A

receptor field

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11
Q

intensity

A

encoded in 3 ways

  • which fibers are sending signals
  • how many fibers are doing so
  • how fast these fibers are firing
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12
Q

duration

A

how long the stimulus last

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13
Q

phasic receptors

A

generate a burst of action potentials when first stimulated, but then dull down after the stimulus adapts QUICKLY even though the action potential continues

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14
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly, generate nerve signals more steadily

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15
Q

an example of a tonic receptor is?

A

proprioceptors

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16
Q

How can receptors be classified? (3)

A
  • by modality
  • by distribution
  • by origin of the stimuli
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17
Q

Classification of receptor?

thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nocireceptors

A

by modality

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18
Q

Classification of receptor?

exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors

A

by origin of the stimuli

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19
Q

Classification of receptor?

general (somoesthetic) senses: widely distributed

A

by distribution

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20
Q

What are 4 types of encapsulated nerve endings?

A
  • tactile corpuscles
  • krause end bulbs
  • lamellar corpuscles (phasic)
  • bulbous corpuscles (tonic)
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21
Q

From receptors to final destinations, most signals travel by way of _____ neurons

A

3

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22
Q

first order neuron (somatosensory projection pathways)

A

afferent (toward CNS)

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23
Q

first order neuron
from body, enter the __ ___ of the spinal cord
from heard, enter ___ and the ____ via cranial nerves

A

dorsal horn

pons; medulla

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24
Q

Touch, pressure, and proprioceptors are on _______; while heat & cold are on _____

A

large myelinated axons; small unmyelinated axons

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25
second order neurons (somatosensory projection pathways)
interneurons the decussate to opposite sides in the spinal cord
26
Where do second order neurons end up?
in the thalamus except for proprioceptors (cerebellum)
27
third order neurons (somatosensory projection pathways)
thalamus to primary cortex of cerebrum (postcentral)
28
pain
discomfort caused by tissue injury
29
nociceptors
provide different pain sensations
30
somatic pain
skin, muscle, joins
31
visceral pain
viscera organs
32
____ is the most potent pain stimulus known. ___ are released to stimulate pain fibers.
bradykinin; chemicals
33
What are the 2 projection pathways for pain?
the head, and from the neck down
34
Pain signals from the head
1st neuron: cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion 2nd neuron: decussate & send fibers up spinothalamic tract 3rd neuron: thalamus to post central gyrus
35
Somatic pain travels via _____ | Visceral, Emotional travels via _____ (reticular formation) or _____ (thalamus)
spinothalamic tract | spinoreticular tract; gracile fasciculus
36
referred pain
pain in the viscera often mistakenly thought to come from the skin or other superficial site; BRAIN IS CONFUSED
37
analgesic
pain relieving
38
neuromodulators can block what?
transmission of pain signals and produce feelings of euphoria
39
spinal gating
stops pain signals at the posterior horn of the spinal cord
40
gustation
taste (chemoreceptors)
41
taste pores
pit in which the taste hairs project
42
taste hairs are ____ not neurons
epithelial cells
43
to be tasted what must happen
molecules must dissolve in saliva and flood the taste pore
44
5 primary taste sensations
bitter, sweet, sour, umani, salty
45
2 mechanisms of action for taste
second-messenger system | depolarize cells directly
46
olfaction
sense of smell | are neurons
47
taste vs. smell
smell is are neurons not epithelial cells
48
what is the order of the olfactory projection pathway?
1. olfactory bulb 2. primary olfactory cortex 3. hippocampus
49
hearing
a response to vibrating air molecules
50
hearing and equilibrium reside in what part of the ear?
inner ear
51
outer ear
funnel for conducting vibrations to the tympanic membrane
52
middle ear
located in the air filled tympanic cavity in the temporal bone (enclosed air space)
53
auditory tube connects _____ to ____
middle ear cavity to nasopharynx
54
otitis media
middle ear infection common in children due to angle
55
inner ear (2)
filled with fluid sacs (endolymph and perilymph) | responsible for equilibrium
56
cochlea
organ of hearing | long tube
57
what are the 3 fluid filled chambers of the cochlea?
``` scala vestibuli (superior) cochlear duct (middle chamber) scala tempani inferior) ```
58
inner hair cells vs outer hair cells
``` provides for hearing (inner) increases precision (outer) ```
59
static equilibrium
perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary
60
dynamic equilibrium
perception of motion of acceleration
61
oval window send _____ vs the round window
frequencies
62
neuromodulators can block what?
transmission of pain signals and produce feelings of euphoria
63
spinal gating
stops pain signals at the posterior horn of the spinal cord
64
gustation
taste (chemoreceptors)
65
taste pores
pit in which the taste hairs project
66
taste hairs are ____ not neurons
epithelial cells
67
to be tasted what must happen
molecules must dissolve in saliva and flood the taste pore
68
cones
color and day vision
69
2 mechanisms of action for taste
second-messenger system | depolarize cells directly
70
olfaction
sense of smell | are neurons
71
taste vs. smell
smell is are neurons not epithelial cells
72
what is the order of the olfactory projection pathway?
1. olfactory bulb 2. primary olfactory cortex 3. hippocampus
73
hearing
a response to vibrating air molecules
74
hearing and equilibrium reside in what part of the ear?
inner ear
75
outer ear
funnel for conducting vibrations to the tympanic membrane
76
middle ear
located in the air filled tympanic cavity in the temporal bone (enclosed air space)
77
auditory tube connects _____ to ____
middle ear cavity to nasopharynx
78
otitis media
middle ear infection common in children due to angle
79
inner ear (2)
filled with fluid sacs (endolymph and perilymph) | responsible for equilibrium
80
cochlea
organ of hearing | long tube
81
what are the 3 fluid filled chambers of the cochlea?
``` scala vestibuli (superior) cochlear duct (middle chamber) scala tempani inferior) ```
82
inner hair cells vs outer hair cells
``` provides for hearing (inner) increases precision (outer) ```
83
static equilibrium
perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary
84
dynamic equilibrium
perception of motion of acceleration
85
oval window send _____ vs the round window
frequencies
86
calcium carbonate protein granules that add to the weight and inertia to enhance sense of gravity
otoliths
87
movement in semicircular canals?
direction of motion
88
optic disc
blind spot
89
farsightedness
eye is too short
90
nearsightedness
eye is too long
91
rods
help with night vision
92
rods contain visual pigmented ______
rhodopsin
93
2 major parts of rhodopsin
opsin (protein portion) | retinal (vit A derivative)
94
In the visual projection pathway there is a lot of what?
decussation

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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