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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue (Part 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

refractory period (2)

A
  • the period of resistance to stimulation when an action potential can not be fired again
  • only refers to a small patch of the neurons membrane
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2
Q

What are the 2 phases of the refractory period?

A

absolute & relative

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3
Q

absolute refractory period (2)

A
  • no stimulate of any strength will trigger an action potential
  • Na gates are open
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4
Q

relative refractory period (2)

A
  • only especially strong stimulus will trigger an action potential
  • K gates are open
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5
Q

For communication, the nerve signal must ______

A

travel to the end of the axon

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6
Q

Which fibers have voltage regulated ion gates along its entire length?

A

unmyelinated fibers

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7
Q

saltatory conduction in PNS

A

in myelinated fibers the signal seems to jump from node to node

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8
Q

What part of the myelinated fiber contains voltage gated ion channels?

A

Node of Ranvier

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9
Q

When a nerve signal reaches the end of the axon what happens?

A

triggers the release of neurotransmitters via exocytosis

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters stimulate what?

A

dendrites or directly onto a soma that triggers a local potential to the axon hillock

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11
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

presynaptic neuron synapse with a dendrite

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12
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

presynaptic neuron synapse with a soma

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13
Q

axoaxonic synapse

A

presynaptic neuron synapse with an axon of postsynaptic neuron

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14
Q

Where does typical synapse occur?

A

dendrites

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15
Q

What type of junctions are in electrical synapse?advantages & disadvantages?

A

gap junctions that join adjacent cells

advantages: quick transmission no delay for release & binding
disadvantages: cannot integrate info & make decisions

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16
Q

Why is it possible to integrate info?

A

because of the transfer of electrical to chemical signals

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17
Q

What are the 4 categories of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. amino acid neurotransmitters
  3. monoamines
  4. neuropeptides
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18
Q

Characteristics of neuropeptides? (5)

A
  • chains of 2 to 40 amino acids
  • act at lower concentrations
  • longer lasting effects
  • some function as hormones or neuromodulators
  • stored in secretory granules
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19
Q

T/F Do neurotransmitters have the same effect everywhere in the body

A

FALSE

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20
Q

What are the actions of neurotransmitters? (4)

A
  • excitatory
  • inhibitory
  • open ligand-regulated ion gates
  • depend on receptor of post synaptic cell
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21
Q

3 Kinds of synapse

A
  • excitatory cholinergic
  • inhibitory GABA-ergic
  • excitatory adrenergic
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22
Q

excitatory cholinergic synapse

A

employs ACh as its neurotransmitter (excites some postsynaptic cells & inhibits others)

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23
Q

inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse (3)

A
  • employs gamma-aminobutyric acid as its neurotransmitter
  • receptors are chloride channels
  • postsynaptic neurons are inhibited
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24
Q

excitatory adrenergic synapse

A
  • employs norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter
  • act through second messenger system
  • receptor is not an ion gate, but a transmembrane protein associated with a G protein
  • slower to respond
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25
What advantage does excitatory adrenergic synapse have over other synapses?
enzyme amplification:single molecule of NE can produce vast #s of product molecules in the cell
26
neuromodulators
hormones, neuropeptides, and other messengers that modify synaptic transmission
27
How do neuromodulators modify synaptic transmission? (2)
- stimulate neuron to install more receptors in the postsynaptic membrane adjusting its sensitivity to the neurotransmitter - alter the rate of the neurotransmitter synthesis
28
enkephalins
a neuromodulator family the inhibit spinal interneurons from transmitting pain signals to the brain
29
nitric oxide
a neuromodulator (simple) gas released by postsynaptic neurons in some areas of the brain concerned with learning & memory
30
The ____ synapse in a neural pathway, the _____ it takes for info to get from its ____ to its destination
more; longer; origin
31
Why do we have synapses? (3)
- to process info & make decisions - chemical synapses are the decision making devices - more synapse the greater the decision capabilities
32
What is neural integration based on?
the postsynaptic potentials produced by neurotransmitters
33
excitatory postsynaptic potential? examples?
EPSP any voltage change in the direction of threshold that makes a neuron more likely to fire -ex. glutamate & aspartate
34
inhibitory postsynaptic potential?examples?
IPSP any voltage change away from threshold that makes a neuron less like to fire -ex. glycine & GABA
35
Which neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory?
ACh & norepinephrine
36
summation
the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials & responding to their net effects that occurs in the trigger zone
37
temporal summation
- occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades - 1 neuron
38
spatial summation
occurs when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at an axon hillock -multiple neurons
39
facilitation
a process in which one neuron enhances the effect of another one
40
neural coding
the way in which the nervous system converts info to a meaningful pattern of action potentials
41
What does qualitative information depend on?
which neuron fires (labeled line code)
42
What does quantitative information depend on?
information about the intensity of a stimulus is encoded in 2 ways (different neurons have dif thresholds of excitation; more strongly a neuron is stimulated, the more frequently it fires)
43
neural pools
neurons function in large groups
44
diverging circuit
one nerve fiber branches & synapses with several postsynaptic cells
45
converging circuit
input from many dif nerve fibers can be funneled to one neuron (opposite of diverging)
46
reverberating circuit
neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence but one cell restimulates the first cell to start the process all over
47
parallel after discharge circuit
input neuron diverges to stimulate several chains of neurons
48
memory trace (engram)
physical basis of memory is a pathway through the brain
49
synaptic plasticity
the ability of synapses to change
50
synaptic potential
the process of making transmission easier
51
What are the 3 types of memory?
immediate short long
52
immediate memory (3)
- the ability to hold something in your thoughts for just a few seconds - essential for reading - our memory "echoes" in our minds for a few seconds (reverberating circuit)
53
short term memory (3)
- lasts from a few seconds to several hours - quickly forgotten if distracted - reverberating circuits
54
What causes memory to last longer?
facilitation
55
tetanic stimulation
rapid arrival of repetitive signals at a synapse (accumulation of Ca2+)
56
posttetanic potentiation
to jog a memory (Ca2+ level in synaptic knob stays elevated)
57
types of long term memory (2)
declarative | procedural
58
declarative long term memory
retention of events that you can put into words
59
procedural long term memory
retention of motor skills
60
alzheimer disease
deficency in ACh and nerve growth factors
61
parkinson disease
- progressive loss of motor function beginning in 50s or 60s- NO RECOVERY - degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons - involuntary muscle contractions

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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