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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

element

A

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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2
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in its nucleus

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3
Q

How many elements have biological roles?

A

24 elements

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4
Q

minerals (2)

A
  • inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants & passed up the food chain to humans
  • constitute 4% of body weight
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5
Q

What are electrolytes (mineral salts) needed for?

A

nerve & muscle function

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6
Q

Electrons determine the ______ properties of atoms

A

chemical

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7
Q

isotopes

A

elements that differ from one another due to the number of neutrons

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8
Q

atomic weight (2)

A
  • relative atomic mass

- accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of it s isotopes

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9
Q

radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes that give off radiation

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10
Q

radioactivity

A

radioisotopes decay to stabilize isotopes by releasing radiation

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11
Q

Who was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize?

A

Madame Curie

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12
Q

What happens when an atom is converted into an ion?

A

high energy radiation ejects electrons from atoms

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13
Q

ions

A

charged particles with unequal number of protons & electrons

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14
Q

ionization

A

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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15
Q

anion

A

atom that gains electrons (-charge)

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16
Q

cation

A

atom that loses and electron (+ charge)

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17
Q

electrolytes

A
  • salts that ionize in water & form solutions

- can conduct an electric current

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18
Q

What is one of the most important considerations in patient care?

A

electrolytes

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19
Q

free radicals (2)

A
  • chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

- produced by normal metabolic reactions

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20
Q

What do free radicals cause?

A

tissue damage

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21
Q

antioxidants

A

neutralize free radicals

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22
Q

molecules

A

chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms united by a chemical bond

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23
Q

compound

A

made up of molecules with 2 or more different elements

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24
Q

isomers

A

molecules with identical molecular formulas, but different arrangements

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25
Q

What the types of chemical bonds?

A
  • ionic
  • covalent
  • hydrogen
  • van der waals forces
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26
Q

single vs double covalent bonds

A

single: one pair of electrons shared
double: two pairs of electrons are shared

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27
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

electrons shared equally

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28
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

electrons shared unequally

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29
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slight negative atom

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30
Q

Are water molecules weak/strongly attracted to one another?

A

weakly

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31
Q

Van der waals forces (2)

A
  • weak brief attractions between neutral atoms

- only 1% as strong as covalent bonds

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32
Q

mixtures

A

consist of substances physically not chemically blended

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33
Q

Properties of water (5)

A
  • universal solvent
  • cohesion (surface tension)
  • adhesion
  • chemical reactivity (hydrolysis & dehydration)
  • thermal stability (high heat capacity)
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34
Q

hydrolysis (2)

A
  • water used to break bonds

- breaks covalent bonds

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35
Q

dehydration

A

water released when bonds are made

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36
Q

solution

A

consists of a solute & solvent

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37
Q

colloids (6)

A
  • can change from liquid to gel state within & between cells
  • in the body they are mixtures of protein & water
  • small particles
  • too large to pass thru semipermeable membrane
  • remain permanently mixed with the solvent when left alone
  • cloudy
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38
Q

suspension (4)

A
  • large particles
  • too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes
  • separates when left alone
  • cloudy
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39
Q

emulsion

A

suspension of one liquid in another

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40
Q

in a percentage (concentration) (2)

A
  • # of molecules unequal

- weight of solute equal

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41
Q

in molar (concentration) (2)

A
  • # of molecules equal

- weight of solute unequal

42
Q

acid

A

proton donor (release H+)

43
Q

base

A

proton acceptor (accept H+)

44
Q

pH

A

measurement of H+ on a log scale

45
Q

What does our body use to resist changes in pH?

A

buffer

46
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work

47
Q

potential energy (2)

A
  • energy contained in an object b/c of its position or internal state
  • not doing work
48
Q

kinetic energy (2) & example

A
  • energy in motion
  • energy that is actively doing work
    ex. heat
49
Q

decomposition reactions(3)

A
  • large molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones
  • AB-> A+B
  • break
50
Q

classes of chemical reactions (3)

A
  • decomposition
  • synthesis
  • exchange
51
Q

free energy

A

potential energy available in a system to do useful work

52
Q

synthesis reactions (3)

A
  • two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
  • A+B->AB
  • create
53
Q

exchange reactions

A
  • two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

- create & make

54
Q

reaction rates affected by (3)

A
  • concentration of reactants
  • temperature
  • catalysts
55
Q

catalysts (3)

A
  • substances that temporarily bind to reactants
  • speed up reactions
  • not permanently consumed or changed
56
Q

catabolism (3)

A
  • exgeronic
  • breaks covalent bonds
  • decomposition
57
Q

anabolism (4)

A
  • endergonic
  • require energy input
  • synthesis
  • driven by energy that catabolism releases
58
Q

Catabolism & anabolism are _______ linked

A

inseparately

59
Q

oxidation (2)

A
  • molecules give up electrons & releases energy

- reducing agent

60
Q

reduction (2)

A
  • molecule that gains electrons & energy

- oxidizing agent

61
Q

4 categories of carbon compounds

A
  • carbohydrates (sugar)
  • lipids (fat)
  • protein
  • nucleotides
62
Q

Characteristics of Carbon (3)

A
  • has 4 valence electrons
  • bind readily with each other to form a carbon backbone
  • neutral backbone carries a variety of functional group
63
Q

macromolecules

A

very large organic molecules

64
Q

polymers/polymerization

A

made up of repetitive monomers

65
Q

monomers

A

identical or smaller subunits

66
Q

carbohydrates (4)

A

hydrophilic
CH2O
converted into glucose
oxidized to make ATP

67
Q

3 important monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

68
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

blood sugar

69
Q

3 important disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

70
Q

3 polysaccharides in Humans

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

71
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen?

A

energy storage of polysaccharides in animals

72
Q

What is the purpose of starch?

A

energy storage in plants

73
Q

What is the purpose of cellulose in plants?humans?

A

structural molecule of plant cell walls; fiber in our diet (helps move materials through intestine)

74
Q

conjugated carbohydrates

A

covalently bond to lipid or protein

75
Q

What conjugated carbs are apart of the external cell surface coat?

A

glycoproteins & glycolipids

76
Q

purpose of proteoglycan? (2)

A

cell adhesion

lubrication

77
Q

5 primary types of lipids in humans

A 
triglycerides
steriods
eicosaniods
fatty acids
phospholipids
78
Q

Lipids (2)

A

hydrophobic

less oxidized than carbs

79
Q

What type of fat are triglycercides?

A

neutral fat

80
Q

structure of triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids covalently bond to glycerol

81
Q

triglycerides when liquid___, when solid____

A

oil; fat

82
Q

primary function of triglycerides? (3)

A

energy storage
insulation
shock absorption

83
Q

fatty acid (2)

A
  • chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms

- contain a carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other

84
Q

saturated fatty acids vs. unsaturated fatty acid

A

saturated: carbon atom saturated with hydrogen
unsaturated: contains C=C bonds

85
Q

What types of fats can not be synthesized by the body?

A

essential fatty acids

86
Q

phospholipid

A

similar to neutral fat, but 1 fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group

87
Q

eicosaniods

A

chemical messenger between cells

88
Q

cholesterol (2)

A
  • “parent” steroid from which other steroids are synthesized

- synthesized only by animals

89
Q

which is the good/bad cholesterol?

A

good: HDL (lower ratio of lipids to proteins)
bad: LDL (high ratio of lipids to proteins)

90
Q

peptide

A

2 or more amino acids

91
Q

what causes a protein to denature?

A

extreme heat or pH

92
Q

the different structures of proteins are held together by what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds

93
Q

non amino acid moiety of a conjugated protein?

A

prosthetic group

94
Q

what are the functions of proteins? (7)

A 
structure
communication
membrane transport
catalysis
recognition & protection
movement
celladhesion
95
Q

enzymes (3)

A
  • lower activation energy
  • biological catalyst
  • break covalent bonds between monomers in substrate
96
Q

cofactor vs coenzyme

A

cofactor: inorganic; induce a change in enzyme shape to activate active site
coenzyme: organic; accept electrons from an enzyme and transfer to another enzyme

97
Q

3 components of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base
sugar
1 or more phosphate groups

98
Q

ATP components

A

adenine (nitrogenous base)
ribose (sugar)
phosphate groups (3)

99
Q

Where does ATP hold its energy

A

in covalent bonds

100
Q

Other types of nucleotides?

A

GTP

cAMP

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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