Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
element
A
simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
2
Q
atomic number
A
number of protons in its nucleus
3
Q
How many elements have biological roles?
A
24 elements
4
Q
minerals (2)
A
- inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants & passed up the food chain to humans
- constitute 4% of body weight
5
Q
What are electrolytes (mineral salts) needed for?
A
nerve & muscle function
6
Q
Electrons determine the ______ properties of atoms
A
chemical
7
Q
isotopes
A
elements that differ from one another due to the number of neutrons
8
Q
atomic weight (2)
A
- relative atomic mass
- accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of it s isotopes
9
Q
radioisotopes
A
unstable isotopes that give off radiation
10
Q
radioactivity
A
radioisotopes decay to stabilize isotopes by releasing radiation
11
Q
Who was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize?
A
Madame Curie
12
Q
What happens when an atom is converted into an ion?
A
high energy radiation ejects electrons from atoms
13
Q
ions
A
charged particles with unequal number of protons & electrons
14
Q
ionization
A
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
15
Q
anion
A
atom that gains electrons (-charge)
16
Q
cation
A
atom that loses and electron (+ charge)
17
Q
electrolytes
A
- salts that ionize in water & form solutions
- can conduct an electric current
18
Q
What is one of the most important considerations in patient care?
A
electrolytes
19
Q
free radicals (2)
A
- chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
- produced by normal metabolic reactions
20
Q
What do free radicals cause?
A
tissue damage
21
Q
antioxidants
A
neutralize free radicals
22
Q
molecules
A
chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms united by a chemical bond
23
Q
compound
A
made up of molecules with 2 or more different elements
24
Q
isomers
A
molecules with identical molecular formulas, but different arrangements
25
What the types of chemical bonds?
- ionic
- covalent
- hydrogen
- van der waals forces
26
single vs double covalent bonds
single: one pair of electrons shared
double: two pairs of electrons are shared
27
nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons shared equally
28
polar covalent bonds
electrons shared unequally
29
hydrogen bonds
a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slight negative atom
30
Are water molecules weak/strongly attracted to one another?
weakly
31
Van der waals forces (2)
- weak brief attractions between neutral atoms
| - only 1% as strong as covalent bonds
32
mixtures
consist of substances physically not chemically blended
33
Properties of water (5)
- universal solvent
- cohesion (surface tension)
- adhesion
- chemical reactivity (hydrolysis & dehydration)
- thermal stability (high heat capacity)
34
hydrolysis (2)
- water used to break bonds
| - breaks covalent bonds
35
dehydration
water released when bonds are made
36
solution
consists of a solute & solvent
37
colloids (6)
- can change from liquid to gel state within & between cells
- in the body they are mixtures of protein & water
- small particles
- too large to pass thru semipermeable membrane
- remain permanently mixed with the solvent when left alone
- cloudy
38
suspension (4)
- large particles
- too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes
- separates when left alone
- cloudy
39
emulsion
suspension of one liquid in another
40
in a percentage (concentration) (2)
- # of molecules unequal
| - weight of solute equal
41
in molar (concentration) (2)
- # of molecules equal
| - weight of solute unequal
42
acid
proton donor (release H+)
43
base
proton acceptor (accept H+)
44
pH
measurement of H+ on a log scale
45
What does our body use to resist changes in pH?
buffer
46
energy
capacity to do work
47
potential energy (2)
- energy contained in an object b/c of its position or internal state
- not doing work
48
kinetic energy (2) & example
- energy in motion
- energy that is actively doing work
ex. heat
49
decomposition reactions(3)
- large molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones
- AB-> A+B
- break
50
classes of chemical reactions (3)
- decomposition
- synthesis
- exchange
51
free energy
potential energy available in a system to do useful work
52
synthesis reactions (3)
- two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
- A+B->AB
- create
53
exchange reactions
- two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms
| - create & make
54
reaction rates affected by (3)
- concentration of reactants
- temperature
- catalysts
55
catalysts (3)
- substances that temporarily bind to reactants
- speed up reactions
- not permanently consumed or changed
56
catabolism (3)
- exgeronic
- breaks covalent bonds
- decomposition
57
anabolism (4)
- endergonic
- require energy input
- synthesis
- driven by energy that catabolism releases
58
Catabolism & anabolism are _______ linked
inseparately
59
oxidation (2)
- molecules give up electrons & releases energy
| - reducing agent
60
reduction (2)
- molecule that gains electrons & energy
| - oxidizing agent
61
4 categories of carbon compounds
- carbohydrates (sugar)
- lipids (fat)
- protein
- nucleotides
62
Characteristics of Carbon (3)
- has 4 valence electrons
- bind readily with each other to form a carbon backbone
- neutral backbone carries a variety of functional group
63
macromolecules
very large organic molecules
64
polymers/polymerization
made up of repetitive monomers
65
monomers
identical or smaller subunits
66
carbohydrates (4)
hydrophilic
CH2O
converted into glucose
oxidized to make ATP
67
3 important monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
68
What type of sugar is glucose?
blood sugar
69
3 important disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
70
3 polysaccharides in Humans
glycogen, starch, cellulose
71
What is the purpose of glycogen?
energy storage of polysaccharides in animals
72
What is the purpose of starch?
energy storage in plants
73
What is the purpose of cellulose in plants?humans?
structural molecule of plant cell walls; fiber in our diet (helps move materials through intestine)
74
conjugated carbohydrates
covalently bond to lipid or protein
75
What conjugated carbs are apart of the external cell surface coat?
glycoproteins & glycolipids
76
purpose of proteoglycan? (2)
cell adhesion
| lubrication
77
5 primary types of lipids in humans
```
triglycerides
steriods
eicosaniods
fatty acids
phospholipids
```
78
Lipids (2)
hydrophobic
| less oxidized than carbs
79
What type of fat are triglycercides?
neutral fat
80
structure of triglycerides
3 fatty acids covalently bond to glycerol
81
triglycerides when liquid___, when solid____
oil; fat
82
primary function of triglycerides? (3)
energy storage
insulation
shock absorption
83
fatty acid (2)
- chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms
| - contain a carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other
84
saturated fatty acids vs. unsaturated fatty acid
saturated: carbon atom saturated with hydrogen
unsaturated: contains C=C bonds
85
What types of fats can not be synthesized by the body?
essential fatty acids
86
phospholipid
similar to neutral fat, but 1 fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group
87
eicosaniods
chemical messenger between cells
88
cholesterol (2)
- "parent" steroid from which other steroids are synthesized
| - synthesized only by animals
89
which is the good/bad cholesterol?
good: HDL (lower ratio of lipids to proteins)
bad: LDL (high ratio of lipids to proteins)
90
peptide
2 or more amino acids
91
what causes a protein to denature?
extreme heat or pH
92
the different structures of proteins are held together by what type of bonds?
hydrogen bonds
93
non amino acid moiety of a conjugated protein?
prosthetic group
94
what are the functions of proteins? (7)
```
structure
communication
membrane transport
catalysis
recognition & protection
movement
celladhesion
```
95
enzymes (3)
- lower activation energy
- biological catalyst
- break covalent bonds between monomers in substrate
96
cofactor vs coenzyme
cofactor: inorganic; induce a change in enzyme shape to activate active site
coenzyme: organic; accept electrons from an enzyme and transfer to another enzyme
97
3 components of nucleotides
nitrogenous base
sugar
1 or more phosphate groups
98
ATP components
adenine (nitrogenous base)
ribose (sugar)
phosphate groups (3)
99
Where does ATP hold its energy
in covalent bonds
100
Other types of nucleotides?
GTP
| cAMP
