Chapter 6 pt 1) Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
Skeletal Cartlidge
A
- Made of any variety of cartlidge and is shaped to fit body location and function. (EX at the ends of bones)
- Will spring back to original shape after compression
2
Q
Perichondrium
A
-Layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage. Helps cartilage resist outward expansion and get nutrients (via diffusion)
3
Q
-Hyaline cartilage
A
- Found as Articular (joints), Costal (Ribs), Respiratory (Larynx), and Nasal Cartilage (nose tip)
4
Q
Elastic Cartlidge
A
-Found in External Ear and Epiglottis
5
Q
Fibrocartilage
A
-Found in Meniscui (of knee) and Vertebreal discs
6
Q
Cartlidge Growth (2 Ways)
A
- Appositional Growth) Pericondrium contains cartlidge making cells which secrete new matrix on the old cells. New matrix laid down on the surface.
- Intersitital Growth) Condroctyes divide within lacuane and secrete matrix. New matrix made within cartlidge.
7
Q
Seven Functions of Bones
A
- Support) Body and Soft organs.
- Protection) Skull protects brain, spine protects spinal chord, ribs protect thoracid organs.
- Anchorage) for skeletal muscles
- Mineral Growth Factor Storage) Stores minerals such as phospate and calcium to release into the blood stream
- Blood cell formation) Hematopoiesis
- Triglyceride (fat) storage) for energy
- Horomone production) of osteocalcin which is involved in horomone regulation.
8
Q
Classification of Bones (location)
A
- Axiel Skeleton) bones of skull, vertebral collum, and rib cage
- Appendicular Skeleton) bones of the limbs and gurdles (joints) attaching limbs to the body
9
Q
Shapes of Bones
A
- Long Bones) Longer than they are wide (limb bones)
- Short bones) cube shaped bones (in Wrist and ankle)
- Sesmoid Bones) type of short bone, considered a “floating bone”
- Flat Bones) Thin, Flat, Slightly Curved. (sternum, scapule, rib, skull bones)
- Irregular Bones) Complicated Shapes (Vertebrae, Hip Bones).
10
Q
Compact and Spongy Bone
A
- Compact Bone) Dense Outer layer of every bone. Looks smooth and solid.
- Spongy Bone) Inside of bone made of a honeycomb of small pieces of flat bones called trabeculae. (Open spaces betewwn trabeculae are filled with bone marrow)
11
Q
Structure of Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones
A
- Thin plates of Spongy bone covered by Compact bone
- Compact bone is between two membranes called the periosteum and endosteum.
- Have No shaft or ends. Bone marrow is scattered in the trabeculae.
12
Q
Structure of Long Bones
A
All have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyesis) and Membranes.
- Diaphysis) Tublar shaft of bone. Consists of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity (filled with yellow bone marrow in adults)
- Epiphyses (singular is epiphysis) ends of long bones. Consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.
- Epiphyseal Line) remenant of epiphyseal plate which is the site of bone growth in children.
13
Q
Periosteum
A
Fibrous Membrane that covers External bone surfaces except for joints (cartlidge)
- Contains nerve fibers/ blood vessels in shafts called nutrient formens.
- Provides anchoring points for tendons/ ligaments.
Two Layers
- Ostogenic (inner) layer) next to bone surface. Contains ostoprogenitor (stem) cells which give rise to most bone cells.
- Fibrous (outer) layer) Made of dense irregular connective tissue (collegen) and perforating (sharpy’s) fibers that secure periostium to the bone matrix.
14
Q
Endosteum
A
Connective Tissue Lining of internal bone surface
- Covers trabecule
- Lines canals through the bone
- Contains osteoprognitor cells.
15
Q
Hematopietic Tissue (bone marrow)
A
- Red Marrow) found in diffrent locations in infants (all bones) and adults
- In adults Red marrow can be found in the heads of the femur/ humerus, but the most active areas of hematopoeisis occur in the spongy area of flat bones and some irregular bones.
16
Q
Bone Markings
A
Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachemnt. Also for joint formation or conduidts for blood vessels and nerves
- Projection) outward buldge of the bone.
- Depression) bowl or groove. can serve as passagways or for joints
- Opening) hole or canal bone that serves as a passage.
17
Q
Tuberosity
A
- Large, Rounded projection. May be rough
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
18
Q
Crest
A
- Narrow Ridge of Bone, usually prominent
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
19
Q
Trochanter
A
- only found on the femer. Large, Blunt, Irrgular, attachment site
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
20
Q
Line
A
- Narrow ride of bone that is less prominent than a crest
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
21
Q
Tubercule
A
- Small, ROUNDED (tube) projection or process.
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
22
Q
Epicondyle
A
- Raised area above a condile (round end of bones).
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
23
Q
Spine
A
- Slim, Slender, often pointed projection
- Site of muscle or ligament attachment.
24
Q
Process
A
- Any bony prominence.
25
Q
Head (bone surface)
A
- Bony Extension on a narrow neck
- Helps form a joint
26
Q
Facet
A
- Smooth, nearly flat atricular (joint) surface.
- Helps form a joint
27
Q
Condyle
A
- Rounded Articular projection
- Helps form a joint.
28
Q
Groove (bone marking)
A
- Furrow in the bone
- For passage of blood vessels and nerves
29
Q
Fissure
A
- Narrow slit like opening
- For passage of blood vessels and nerves
30
Q
Notch
A
- Indentation at edge of a structure
- For passage of blood vessels and nerves
31
Q
Meatus
A
- Canal like passagway
- Classified as “other” bone marking
32
Q
Sinus
A
- Cavity within bone that is filled with air and lined with a mucas membrane
- Classified as “other” bone marking
33
Q
Fossa
A
- Shallow, depression like marking. Often serves as an articualar surface.
- Classified as “other” bone marking
34
Q
Osteoprogenitior Cells
A
- Mititocally active cells in periostium and ensosteum
- Differienienate into ostoeoblasts or vone lining cells
35
Q
Osteoblasts
A
- Bone forming ells that secrete bone matrix called osteoid
- Osteoid is made of collagen and calcium binding protiens
- 90% of bone protien is Collagen
- Activly mititic
- When surrounded by the matrix they secrete they become otseocytes
36
Q
Osteocytes
A
- Mature bone cells in lacune that don’t devide
- Mantain bone matirx and act as stress/stain responders
- Respond to mechanical stimus
- Communicate infmation to osteoblasts/clasts so bone remodiling can occur
37
Q
Bone Lining Cells
A
- Flat cells on bons surface. Mantain the matrix
- Periosteal cells) external bone surface
- Endosteal cells) Internal surfaces.
38
Q
Osteoclasts
A
- Funtion in the Breakdown of bown.
- Derived from the same stem cells that become macrophages
- Giant, multinucliate cells that funtion in bone breakdown.
39
Q
Osteon
A
- Structural unit of compact bone. Shaped like cylinders
- Consists of several rings called Lamelle.
- Withstand Stress because of collagen fibers.
40
Q
Canals and Caniculi
A
- Central Canal) Runs through nerve of osteon. contains nerve and blood vessels
- Perforating (Volksman’s) Canals) Lined with endosteum. At right angles next to central canal.
- Lacune) small cavities that contain osteocytes
- Caniculai) Hailike canals that connect lacune,
41
Q
Interstital Lamellae
A
- Lamalle that are not part of the osteon
- Fill gaps between osteons or where osteons were cut during bone remodeling.
42
Q
Circumferential Lamellae
A
- Deep to periosteum but superior to endosteum. Extend around the surface of the diaphysis
- Helps bone resist twisting force.
43
Q
Organic Componants of Bone
A
- Includes ostogenic cells, osteocytes and blasts, bone-lining cells, osteoclasts and osteoid.
- Osteoid) Matrix of bone, made of collagen and ground substance.
44
Q
Inorganic Compeants
A
- Hydroxyapatites (mineral Salts) make up 65% of bone mass.
- Mostly Calcium phospate in crystalized form.
