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Anatomy and Physiology 203 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

-Groups of similar cells that preform the same function

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue (Define)

A

-Covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands

Skin, Lining of the Digestive Tract, Organs, and other hollow cavities.

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3
Q

Connective Tissue (Define)

A

-Supports and protects the body
-Stores energy
-Immunity
Bones, Tendons, Fat and other soft padding

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4
Q

Muscle Tissue (Define)

A

-Produces Movement.

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle

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5
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

-Controls signals that regulate body activities.

Brain, Spinal Chord, Nerves

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6
Q

Studying tissue using microscope (3 Steps)

A

1) Fixed: Tissue is preserved with a solvent
2) Sectioned: Tissue is cut into slices thin enough to see through
3) Stained: to enhance contrast.
- Light microscopy used dyes
- Electron microscopy uses heavy metals.

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7
Q

Two Main types of Epithelial

A

1) Covering/Lining Epithelium
- Outer layer of skin
- Lines Open Cavities of urogenital, digestive, and respiratory system
- Lines Closed Cavities and Organs

2) Glandular Epithelial
- Secretory Tissue

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8
Q

Main Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion, Secretion, and Sensory Reception.

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9
Q

Five Characteristics of Epithelial Cells

A

1) Polarity
2) Specialized Contacts
3) Supported by Connective Tissue
4) Avascular but Innervated
5) Regeneration

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10
Q

Polarity

A

Epithelial Cells have a top (apical) and a bottom (basal)

-Both sides differ in structure and function

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11
Q

Apical Surface

A

-Top Surface of Epithelial Cell

-Most have Microvilli. This increases Cell Surface Area
(If dense enough microvilli is known as a Brush Border because of its fuzzy appearance)

-Some have Cilia which push substances along the cell surface.

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12
Q

Basal Surface

A

Bottom Surface of Epithelial Cell

Attached to the Basal Lamina.

  • This is a non cellular adhesive sheet
  • Consists of mostly Glycoproteins and Collagen Fibers

-The Basal Lamina is selective meaning it determines what molecules can enter epithelial

Acts as scaffolding for cells during wound repair.

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13
Q

Specialized Contacts

A
  • Covering/Lining Epithelial tissue fit closely together. This forms continuous sheets (skin)
  • This is done through Lateral Contacts (Tight Junctions, Desmosomes)
  • The tight junctions prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells. Desmosomes keep cells from pulling apart.
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14
Q

Connective Tissue Support

A

-Between the Epithelial tissue and connective tissue there is a basement membrane.

The basement membrane has two layers
Basal Lamina) Upper layer. produced by Epithelium tissue
Reticular Lamina) Lower Layer, Produced by connective tissue

-The basement membrane reinforce the epithelial sheet helping it to resist stretching and tearing. Also defines epithelial boundary

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15
Q

Avascular but Innervated (Epithelial Tissue)

A
  • No blood vessels) nourished via diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.
  • Has Nerve Endings
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16
Q

Regeneration

A

-Epithelial cells have a high rate of regeneration. Can replace lost cells very fast

17
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

-First name indicates number of cells
Simple) Single layer thick
Stratified) Two or more layers thick (involved in protection)

-Second Name Indicates Shape of Cells
Squamous) Flattened, Scale like
Cuboidal) Box Like, Cube
Columnar) Tall, Column-Like.

18
Q

Simple Epithelia (Properties)

A

Involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration processes

19
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

-Single Layer, Flattened Cells sitting on the basement membrane.

Function) Involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration

-Found in places where rapid diffusion is key (kidneys, lungs.

20
Q

Two specially named Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Endothelium) (Inner Covering) Lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart.

Mesothelium) (middle covering) found in serous membranes in the ventral body cavity.

21
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

A
  • Single Layer of cubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei
  • Function) Secretion and absorption
  • Form the walls of the SMALLEST ducts and glands as well as kidney tubules.
22
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Single Layer of tall, closely packed cells.

  • Some can contain microvilli or cilia
  • Some layers have mucus secreting goblet cells.

Function) Secretion and absorption of mucus, enzymes or other substances. Ciliated cells will move mucus

Found in digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi or uterine tubes.

23
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Falsey (pseudo) stratified because the Columnar cells vary in height but all cells are attached to basement membrane.

Function) Secretion. Mostly secretes mucus. Also moves mucus using ciliary sweeping action

-Found in upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, and tubules in the testes.

24
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Two or more cell layers. New cells regenerate from below. (basal cells divide and move to surface)
  • More durable than simple epithelia. Protection is the major role.
  • Named because of cells on the apical layer.
25
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Most Widespread of the Stratified Epithelia
  • Free (apical) surface is squamous, deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar. Cells further from the basement membrane are less viable (have less nutrients) than those closer to the membrane.

Found in places of high wear and tear (skin)

The outer layer of the skin is keratinized meaning it contains Keratin (a tough protective protein). Other stratified squamous epithelium is nonkeratinized and found in moist areas .

26
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Quite Rare

- Found in Sweat and Mammary Glands (secretion). Is normally two layers thick.

27
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Limited in the body
  • Usually found in transition areas between two types of epithelia.
  • Found in the Pharynx, Male urethra, and lining of some glandular ducts.
  • Only Apical (top) layer is Columnar,
28
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • Forms lining of Hollow Urinary Organs which Streach
  • Found in the bladder, ureter, and urethra.
  • Basal layer is Cuboidal or Columnar. Apical surface vary in appearance depending on the amount of stretching in the organ. Recognized by its Dome Shape.
29
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

-One or more cells that secrete an aqueous fluid called a secretion

30
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Internally secreting glands. Do Not have a duct; rather it secretes its secretion directly into the interstitial fluid.
  • Secrete Hormones which are chemical messages that travel through the lymph or blood to specific organs. Those organs will then respond in some way
31
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • Secretions are released onto body surfaces such as skin or body cavities. Products are released into ducts.
  • Include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands.
  • Can be unicellular or multicellular.
32
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A
  • Important ones are mucous cells and goblet cells.
  • Found in epithelial linings of intestinal/respiratory tract
  • Produce Mucin, a glycoprotein that dissolves to make mucus. Mucus is a slimy protective and lubricating coating
  • Goblet cells mucin comes out the top.
33
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

A
  • composed of a Duct and Secretory Unit.
  • Usually surrounded by connective tissue that supplies blood and nerve fibers.
  • Classified by Structure and Mode of Secretion
34
Q

Structures of Glands

A

Simple) Unbranched ducts
Compound) Branched ducts.

Tubular Gland) Secretory Cells form the duct
Alveolar Glands) Secretory Cells form sacs (alveolus=small hollow cavity)

Tubuloalveolar) Glands have both types.

35
Q

Modes of Glandular Secretion

A

Merocrine) Cell secrete products via exocytosis as they are produced (swear, pancreas)

Holocrine) whole cell fills with product then ruptures. Cell is then replaced from other cells below. (sebaceous oil glands)

Anatomy and Physiology 203 (43 decks)

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