Chapter 22 Respiratory System

Question 1

Major Functions of Respritory System

Answer 1

• Major Function
  
  • Supply O2 for cellular respiration
  • dispose of CO2
  • Done through the process of Respriation
• Also functions in olfaction and speech

Question 2

Process’ of Respriation

Answer 2

• Respritory system
• Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
  
  • movment of air into and out of lungs
• External respriation
  
  • O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
• Circulitory System
• Transport
  
  • O2 and Co2 in blood
  • • Internal Respriation
  • O2 and CO2 echange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Question 3

Functional Anatomy

Answer 3

• upper respritory system) consists of structures from the nose to larynx
• lower respritory sytem) consists of the larynx and all the structures below it

Question 4

The Nose

Answer 4

• Functions
  
  • Airway for respriation
  • warms entering air
  • Filters and cleans air
  • Resonating chamber for Speech
  • Smell
• External Nose
  
  • Root (area between eyebrows)
  • Bridge) dorsum nasi
  • Apex (top of nose)
  • Nostrils are surrounded by alae

Question 5

Internal Nasal Cavity

Answer 5

• Cavity that lies in and posterior to external nose
  
  • Divided by Nasal Septum (midline)
  • Posterior Nasal apatures) continious with nasal canal
• Roof) Ethmoid and Sephnoid bones
• Floor) formed by the palate
• Nasal Vestibule) superior to the nostrils
  
  • Vibriasse (hairs) folter coarse particles
• Olfactory Mucose) Contains Smell receptors
  
  • lies in olfactory epitheliam
• Respritory mucose) lines most of the nasal cavity
  
  • Psuedostratifued ciliated columnar epitheliam with goblet cells
  • secrete lysozyme and defensisns
  • Cillia moves mucas to throat
• Nasal Chonche) increase air turbulance
  
  • nasal meatus) grove inferior to conche
• Paranasal Sinuses
  
  • Lighthen skull/ warm air
• Functions of Nasal Mucosa and Chonche
  
  • Filter and heat air during inhalation
  • Reclaim heat and moisture during exhlation

Question 6

Rhinitis

Answer 6

• inflmation of nasal mucosa with excessive mucus production
  
  • caused by cold virusus, bacteria and various allergens
  • Nasal mucosa continuious with mucousa of respritory tract
  • Spreads From Nose > Throat> Chest
• Sinisitus) when rhinitis spreads to paranasal sinuses
• Sinus Headahe) Mucus/ infectious material blocks sinus passageways to nasal cavity creating pressure.

Question 7

Pharynx

Answer 7

• Muscular Tube from Skull to C6
  
  • connects nasal cavity/ mouth to larynx and esophagus
  • composed of skeletal muscle
• Three regions
  
  • Nasopharynx. Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Question 8

Nasopharynx

Answer 8

• AIR passageway posterior to the nasal cavity
  
  • Lined by psudostratified columnar epithelium
• Soft Plalte/ Uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing.
• Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)
  
  • Located on Posterior wall
  • Traps and destroys pathogens
• Pharyngotympanic (Auditory) Tubes
  
  • drains and equalizes pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls of nasopharynx
  • Tubal Tonsil) ridge of pharengeal mucosa that protects against ear infections

Question 9

Oropharynx

Answer 9

• Passageway for food and air from anywhere between the soft palate and epiglottis
  
  • Lined by Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Isthmus of fauces (throat) opening to oral cavity
• Palentine Tonsils) In lateral walls, posterior to oral cavity
• Lingual tonsil) located on the posterior surface of the tongue

Question 10

Laryngopharynx

Answer 10

• Passageway for food and air
  
  • Lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx where it is continuious with the esophagous

Question 11

Lower Respritary System

Answer 11

• Consists of two zones
• Respritory Zones) sites of gas exhange
  
  • all microscopic structures (Respritory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
• Conducting Zones) All respiratory passageways from nose to bronchioles.
  
  • provide conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites
  • Cleanse, Warm and Humidifys air

Question 12

Larynx (Voice Box)

Answer 12

• Attaches to the hyoid bone superiorly
  
  • opens into the laryngopharynx
  • Continuous with trachea
• Functions
  
  • Provides and open airway
  • Routes air and food into proper channels
  • Voice Production) Houses vocal folds
• Framwork of Larynx is arrangment of nine cartliges (Hayline cartlidge)
  
  • Thyroid Cartlidge with Larengal prominence (Adams apple)
  • Ring Shaped Circoid Cartlidge
  • Paired, Artenoid, Cuniform, and Corniculate Cartlidges
  • Arytenoid holds vocal folds
• Epigliottis) ninth cartlidge made of elastic cartlidge
  
  • covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing
  • Initiates cough reflex to expel the substance.
  • Covered with taste-bud containing mucosa

Question 13

Vocal Ligaments

Answer 13

• Deep to laryngeal mucosa on each side
  
  • composed largley of elastic fibers
  • Attach artenoid cartlidge to thyroid cartlidge
• Form core of Vocal folds (true vocal chords) which lack blood vessels
• Glottis) opening between vocal folds
• Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes from the lung
• Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)
  
  • superior to vocal folds
  • No part in sound production
  • Help to close glottis during swallowing

Question 14

Epihtelium of Larynx

Answer 14

• Superior Portion) Stratified Squamois Epithelium
• Inferior Vocal Folds) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 15

Voice Production

Answer 15

• Speech Involves release of air while opening/closing glottis
• Pitch) Determined by length/tension of vocal chords
  
  • Tenser chords = Faster Vibration =Higher Pitch
  • Boys larynx’s enlarge during puberty and their voice becomes deeper
• Loundness) Depends upon force of the air
  
  • Yelling is louder than wispering
• Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhounce sound quality
• Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of pharynx, tounge, soft palate and lips.

Question 16

Sphincter Functions of Larynx

Answer 16

• Vocal Folds may act as a sphincter to prevent air passage
• Vasalva’s manuever (Occurs during abdominal strain accociated shitting)
  
  • Glottis Closes to prevent exhalation
  • Abdominal muscles contract
  • Intra-Abdominal pressure rises
  • Helps to empty rectum or stabilize trunk durign heavy lifitng

Question 17

Trachea (windpipe)

Answer 17

• From Larynx into Mediastium
• Wall composef of three layes plus a layer of hyaline cartlidge
  
  • Mucose) cilliated psudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
  • Submucosa) CT with seromucous glands that help produce mucus
  • Adventitia) Submucosa is supported by 16-20 C shaped rings of Hylane cartlidge encased by Adventitia
• Trachealis Muscle) Connects Posterior Parts of Cartilage rings.
  
  • allows flexibality for food and air to pass
• Carina) Where trachea branches into two main bronchi

Question 18

Bronchi and Subdivisions

Answer 18

• Bonchial Tree > Conducting Zone Structures > Respritory Zone Structures
• Conducting Zone Structures
• Trachea > Right or Left main (primary) bronchi
  
  • Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
  • Right bronchus wider, shorter and more vertical than the left
• Main bronchi branches into Lobar (secondary) bronchi
  
  • Three on the right, two on the left
  • Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
• Lobar bronchus branches into Segmental (tertiary) bronchi, Which divide repeateadly
• Branches become smaller and smaller
  
  • Bronchioles) less than 1 mm in diameter
  • Terminal Bronchiles) smallest less than .5 mm

Question 19

Conducting Zone Structural Changes

Answer 19

• Support Structures Change
  
  • Carlige rings become irregular plates
  • In Bronchiles elastic Fibers relace cartlidge
• Epthelium Type Change
  
  • Epithelium Changes from psuedostratified columnar to simple columnar then to simple cuboidal in terminal bronchiles
• Amount of Smooth Muscle Increases
  
  • Allows Constriction

Question 20

Respritory Zone Structures

Answer 20

• Begins as Terminal Bronchioles > Respritory bronchioles > aveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveolar saccules
• Avelolar sacs contain clusters of alvoli
  
  • 300 million make up most of lung volume
  • sites of gas exchange

Question 21

Respritory Membrane

Answer 21

*

Question 22

Alveoli

Answer 22

• Three major types of cells are found in alveoli
  
  1. Single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells) form alveolar wall/basment membrane
  2. Cuboidal Type II Alveolar Cells) secrete surfacent/ antimucrobial proteins
  3. Alveolar Macrophages) Keep alveolar surfaces sterile
• Surrounded by same fine elastic fibers that surround entire bronchial tree
• Open alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli
  
  • equalizes air pressure throuought lung and provides alternate routes to diffrent alveoli.

Question 23

Lungs

Answer 23

• Surrounded by Plurae and connected to mediastium by vascular and bronchial attachments, called the root.
• Anatomy
  
  • Costal Surface) Sides of lungs, Anterior, Posterior
  • Apex) Tip; deep to the clavicle
  • Base) Inferior surface; rests on diaphragm
  • Hilum) Site of entry/exit for blood vessls, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
  • Stroma) Mostly elastic CT
• Left Lung) Smaller than the right
  
  • cardiac notch) Concavity for heart
  • Oblique Fissure) Seperates superior and inferior LOBES
• Right Lung) Larger
  
  • Horizontal and Oblique Fisures seperate the Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes
• Each Lobes contains a number of pyrmaid-shaped Bronchopulmonary Segments (10 on the right, 8-10 on the left)
• Lobules) smallest divisons vivible to the naked eye
  
  • appear as hexagons

Question 24

Blood Suply to the Lungs

Answer 24

• Pulmonary Circulation (low pressure, high volume)
  
  • Pulmonary arteries) deliver venous blood for oxignation to pulmonary capilary networks
  • Pulmonary Veins) carry oxygnated blood from respiratory zones to the heart.
• Bronchial Circularion (high pressure, low volume)
  
  • Bronchial Arteries) Provide oxygnated systemic blood to lung tissues
  • Arise from aorta and enter lungs at hilum
  • Provide blood supply to all lung tissues except alveoli.

Question 25

Pleurae

Answer 25

• Thin, double-layered serosa
• Divides thoracic cavity into two compartments and mediastium
  
  • Parietal Pleura) On thoracic wall, superior face of the diaphragm, around the heart, between lungs
  • Visceral Pleura) on external lung surface
  • Pleural Fluid) fills pleural cavity. Lubricates lungs

Question 26

Air Movment in Lungs

Answer 26

• Volume changes cause pressure changes which casues air to move
• Inspiration) gasses flow into lungs
• Expiration) gasses exit lungs

Question 27

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

Answer 27

• Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
  
  • Pressure exeted by air surrounding body
  • 760 mmHg = 1atm
• Intrapulmonaty Pressure (intra-alveolar) (Ppul)
  
  • Pressure in alveoli
  • Fluctuates with brething
  • Eventually equals Patm
• IntraPleural Pressure (Pip)
  
  • Pressre in pleural cavity
  • Fluctuates with breathing
  • always less than Patm and Ppul
  • Fluid level must be minimal; pumped out by lymphatics
  • If accumulates > Positive Pip pressure > lungs collapse
• Pressures described compared to Patm
  
  • • =
• Negative Pressure in Pleural space caused by
  
  • Elastic recoil of lungs pulling on plueral space
  • Surface tenion of alveolar fluid reduces alveolar size

Question 28

Pressure Relationships

Answer 28

• Transpulmonary pressure
  
  • diffrence between intrapulmonary and intraplerual pressures
  • Ppul-Pip
  • Keeps airway open
  • Greater Transpulmonary Pressre= Larger lungs

Question 29

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 29

• Mechanical Processes that depend on volume changes in thoracic cavity
  
  • Volume Changes> Pressure changes
  • Gasses flow to equalize pressure
• Boyles law) Shows relationship of pressre anf volume of gas at a constant tempratue
  
  • P₁V₁=P₂V₂

Question 30

Inspiration

Answer 30

• Active Processes
  
  • Inspiratory Muscles (Diaphragm moves inferiorly, External intercostals contact to lift rib cage)
• Thoracic Volume Increases> Interpulmonary pressure drops (-1mmHg) and becomes less than the atmospheric pressure.
• Lungs Streatched = More Volume = Airflow into lungs to compensate
• Forced Inspiration
  
  • Occurs during vigourous excercise and in chronic obstructive pulmoanry diseases
  • Involves accesory mucles (Scalenes, Sternoclidomastoid muscles, Pec minor)
    *

Question 31

Expiration

Answer 31

• Quiet Expiration
  
  • passive provess
  • Inspiratory mucles relax = thoracic volume decreases
  • Ppul rises to +1mmMG, air flows out
  • When Ppul > Patm the pressure gradient forces gases out of the lungs
• Forced Expiration
  
  • Avtive Process
  • Uses abdominal mucles

Question 32

Airway Resistance

Answer 32

• Friction) Major noneslatic source of resistance to gas flow; occurs in airways
• Relationship between Flow (F), pressiure (P), and resistance (R) is
  
  • F= Change P/ R
  • Change P= Pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli
• Airway resistance is normaly insigifigant
  
  • ​Large in diameter
  • Gets more resistant as the branches get smaller
• Greatest resitance in Medium-Sized Bronchi

Question 33

Resistance Homeostatic Imbalance

Answer 33

• Airway Reistance rises= more strenous breathing
• Severe constriction or obstruction of the bronchiles
  
  • can prevent ventilation
  • can occur during asthma attacks
• Epinephrine dilates bronchioles, reduces air resistance

Question 34

Alveolar Surface Tension

Answer 34

• Surface tension
  
  • Attracts liquid molecules to one anohter at gas-liquid interface
  • Resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid
  • Water has a high surface tension; coats alveolar walls
• Surfactant
  
  • Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells
  • Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid/ discourages alveolar collapse
  • Infant respiritory Distress syndrome) caused by an insufficent quantity

Question 35

Lung Compliance

Answer 35

• Lung compliance) the ability of a healthy lung to streatch
• It is a measure of change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpumonary pressure
  
  • Δ CL= Δ VL / (Ppul – Pip)
  • Higher Lung Compliencee = Easier to expane
• Depends on two factors
  
  • Disstenisibility of lung tissue
  • Alveolar Surface Tension
• Diminished by
  
  • Chronic Inflimation or Infection
  • Fibrosis) Nonelastic scar tissue replaces lung tissue
  • Reduced production of sufactant
  • Decreased flexability of thoracic cage
• The total compliance of the respiratory system is comprised of lung compliance and thoracic wall compliance.

Question 36

Respriritory Volumes

Answer 36

• Tidal Volumes (TV) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal tidal inspiration
• Expriatory Reserve Volume (ERV) ammount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal expiration
• Redidual Volume (RV) Ammount of air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration

Question 37

Respritory Capicaties

Answer 37

• Inspiratory capacity (IC): Maximum amount of air thatcan be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
  
  • IC = TV + IRV
• Functional residual capacity (FRC): Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
  
  • FRC = ERV + RV
• Vital capacity (VC): Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
  
  • VC = TV+ IRV + ERV
• Total lung capacity (TLC): Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
  
  • TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 38

Dead Space

Answer 38

• Anatomical Dead Space
  
  • Some conducting respritory passgeways never contribute to gas exchange in alveoili
  • Air remaining in passageways about 1ml per pound of body weight
• Alveolar Dead Space
  
  • Non-Functional Alveoli due to collapse or obstruction
  • added to anatomical dead space
• Total Dead Space
  
  • Sum of all dead space

Question 39

Pulmnonary Function Tests

Answer 39

• Spirometery) Most useful for evaluating loss in fucntion for following desieses and for respritory volume and capacities
  
  • Obstructive pulmonary desiese) increased air way resistance (Total lung capicity {TLC}, Functional Residual Capicity {FRC), and RV may increase)
  • Restrictive Disorders) Reduced TLC, (VC vital capicity, TLC, FRC, and RV decline)
• Forced Vital Capicity (FVC) Measures ammount of gas expelled after deep breath
• Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of FVC test
  
  • Those with healty lungs can exhale 80% of FVC within one second

Question 40

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 40

• Dead space is normally constant
• Rapid, shallow breathing decreases AVR

Question 41

Nonrespritory Air Movments

Answer 41

• May modify normal respiratory rhythm
• Most result from a reflex action (some voluntray)
  
  • ex) cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns

Question 42

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Question 43

Henry’s Law

Question 44

Composition of Alveolar Gas

Answer 44

• Alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air and much less O2
• Diffrences reflect the effects of
  
  • gas exchange in the lungs
  • Humidification of air by conducting passages
  • Mixing of new and old alveolar gasses with each breath

Question 45

External Respiration

Answer 45

• Exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane
• Influenced by
  
  • Thickness and surface area of respirtory membranes. 0.5-1 nanometer thick and gigantic surface area
  • Partial Presssure Gradients and Gas Solubilities. Drives O2 into venous blood and pulls CO2 out of venous blood
  • Ventilation- Perfusion Copling) adaquete blood flow reaches the alveoli (perfusion) and gas reaching alveoli (ventilation)
• Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
• Influence of local Po2 on perfusion.
  
  • O2 high = arteioles dilate
  • O2 low = Arterioles constrict and redirect to high
• Influence of Local PCO2
  
  • CO2 high= Bonioles dialate to eliminate faster
  • CO2 Low = Broncioles constrict

Question 46

Internal Respiration

Answer 46

• Gas exhange in body tissues (capillary)
• Partial pressure and diffusion gradients reversed
  
  • systemic O2 is lower than blood O2
  • CO2 moves from tissues to blood.

Question 47

O2 Transport in Blood

Answer 47

• O2 Transport
  
  • molecular O2 carried in blood by hemoglobin in RBC’s (main conetent) and some in plasma
  • Oxyhemoglobin) oxygnated hemoglobin
  • Deoxyhemoglobin) no O2
• Loading/ unloading of O2 causes a change in the shape of Hb
  
  • O2 binds, Hb affinity for O2 increases
  • O2 released, Hb affinity for O2 decreases
• Rate of O2 loading/ unloading is influenced by
  
  • PO2, Temp, Blood PH, PCO2, and concentration of BPG

Question 48

Influence of O2 on hemoglobin saturation

Answer 48

• In arterial blood.
  
  • PO2 = 100 mm Hg
  • Contains 20 ml oxygen per 100 ml blood. (20% of volume)
  • Hb is 98% saturated
  • Further increases in O2 does not increase saturation
• In Venous blood
  
  • 15% volume is O2
  • Hb is 75% saturated
  • Venous reserve) substancial ammounts of O2 are aviable in venous blood if need be.
• Temprature
  
  • Increase in Temp = lower affinity for hemoglobin absorbtion
  • Decrease in Temp = Higher affinity for hemoglobin absorption
• BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate)
  
  • reversibly binds with hemoglobin, levels rise when oxygen levels are chronically lwo

Question 50

CO2 Transport

Answer 50

• Transported in Three forms
• 7-10% dissolved in plasma
• 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin
  
  • does not interfere with O2 transport
  • Deoxygnated Hb combines faster with CO2 than oxygnated Hb does
• 70% transported as Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma
• Carbonic Acid (CO2 + H20 <> H2CO3 <> H+ + HCO3-
  
  • carbonic anhydrase
• Systemic Caplilaries) HCO3 quickley diffueses from RBC’s into plasma
  
  • Chloride Shift) outrush of HCO3-
• Pulmonary Capillaries
  
  • HCO3- moves into RBCs

Question 51

Haldane Effect

Answer 51

• Lower PO2 and hemoglobin saturation = More CO2 carried in blood
  
  • reflects greater ability of reduced Hb to form carbaminohemoglobin
• More CO2 enters blood = More O2 Dissociates from Hemoglobin
• Bicarbonate Buffer System) Reists changes in blood pH

Question 52

Hypoxia

Answer 52

• Inadequate O2 delivery to the tissues > Leads to cyanosis
  
  • Anemic Hypoxia) Too few RBC’s / Hb
  • Ischemic Hypoxia) Impaired circulation
  • Histotoxic Hypoxia) Cells unable to use O2
  • Hypoxemic Hypoxia) abnormal ventilation
  • Carbon monixide posioning) Binds to HB 200x better than O@

Question 53

Control of Respiration

Answer 53

• Involves higher brain centers, chemoreceptors and other reflexes
• Neural Controls
  
  • nuerons in medulla and pons

Question 54

Breathing Rate and Depth

Answer 54

• Depth) determined by how activally the respritory center stimulates the resproritory muscles
• Rate) Determined by how long the inspiratory center is active
• Influence of PCO2
  
  • blood Co2 levels rise (hypercapina) CO2 accimulates in the brain
  • Carbonic acid dissociates releasing H+ to drop pH
  • Chemoreceptors detect higher pH and increase respritoty rate

Question 55

Hyperventilation

Answer 55

• Increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds the body’s need to remove CO2
  
  • Results in hypocapina
• Apnea) breathing cessation from Low PCO2

Question 56

Influence of arterial pH

Answer 56

• Can modify respritory rate and rhytm even of CO2 and O2 levels are normal
• Aterial pH declines > respritory system increases rate to eliminate CO2

Question 57

Influence of Higher Brain Centers

Answer 57

• Hypothalamic controls act through limic system to modify rate and respiration
  
  • ex) holding breath with anger
• Raise in body temp increases respritory rate
• Cortical controls) signals that directly bypass medullary controls

Question 58

Respritory Adjustments) Excercise

Answer 58

• Hyperpnea) increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs (10-20x larger)
  
  • diffrent than hyperventilation (does not alter PCO2 levels)
• Three nural factors increase ventilation as excercise begins
  
  • physcological stimuli) antipication of excercise stiumulates cortical motor activation
  • Excitatory impules to respritory centers from propioceptors

Question 59

Respiratory Adjustments) High Altotuide

Answer 59

• altuides above 2400 meters (8000 feet) may
  
  • Lower PO2 levels
  • Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness
  • lethal cerebral and pulmonary edema in severe cases
• Acclimatization) Adustments to high altuide
  
  • body becomes more responsive to increases in PCO2 and decline of PO@
  • Ventilation Increases > Lowers PCO2
  • Erythopoiten stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBC’s

Question 60

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonry Diesase (COPD)

Answer 60

• Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysems
• Irreversiable decrease in ability to force air out of the lungs
• Common Features)
  
  • history of smoking
  • Dyspnea) difficult breathing
  • Coughing and frequent pulmonary incfractions
  • Respritory Failure (hypoventilation)

Question 62

Emphysema

Answer 62

• Permanent enlargement of alveoli; destruction of alveolar walls; decreased lung elasticity

Question 63

Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 63

• Inhaled Irritanats > Chronic Prodiction of excessive mucus > Inflamed and fibrosed lower respritory pathwways > Impaired lung ventilation
• Frequent pulmonary infections

Question 64

Asthma

Answer 64

• Characterized by coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness - alone or combination
  
  • Active inflammation of airways precedes
    bronchospasms
  • Airways thickened

Question 65

Tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 65

• Infectious disease caused by Myobacterium Tuberculosos
• Symptoms) Feaver, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing up blood
• Treatment) anitbiotics

Question 66

Lung Cancer

Answer 66

• Leading cuause of Cancer Deaths
• 90% of all cases due to smoking
• No Metastisis) surgery to remove lung tissue
• Metastisis) radiation and chemotherapy

Question 67

Cystic Fibrosos

Answer 67

• Abnormal, Viscous mucus clogs passageways and causes infections
  
  • Affects lungs, pancreatic ducts, and reproductive ductsz