Chapter 6- Protein Flashcards
What is the generic structure for a amino acid?
Amino group (NH2), an acid group (OCOH), and RCH in the middle (R is subject to change)- is also called the side chain
What makes protein different from the other macronutrients?
It is the only one with Nitrogen
What is the process of DNA to RNA to Protein?
DNA gives a message to RNA in the nucleus, the messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm, RNA joins with organelle, Ribosome does synthesis of protein, this determines the sequence of amino acid chain
What is it called when there are few amino acids in the chain?
A peptide
Is insulin a protein?
yes
How many essential amino acids are there?
There are 9 essential, in total there are 20 different amino acids
Where does protein digestion happen?
In the stomach
What is recycling amino acids?
Amino acids that are no longer needed are used to build new proteins and provide energy if glucose is lacking
Are both essential and nonessential amino acids needed for protein synthesis?
Yes
What happens in the small intestine for protein digestion?
There are peptide bonds that are absorbed (usually single peptides), there are also enzymes
What is the use for amino acid metabolism in cells?
to build protein, it can be altered for another compound, can be dismantled for other nonessential amino acids (transamination), and can be used as energy (deamination)
What are the functions of nitrogen balance in protein?
Growth and maintenance, fluid balance, acid base balance (PH), building enzymes and hormones and compounds, providing energy and glucose, blood clotting, and transport
What is a positive nitrogen protein balance?
When you are adding body tissue
What is a negative nitrogen protein balance?
Losing body tissue
What is considered high quality protein?
foods with all the essential amino acids in the right proportions
What is considered Moderate protein quality?
foods with pretty good proportions of amino acids
What is considered low protein quality?
foods limiting in some of the amino acids
What are grains limiting in?
Lysine
What should you do with low quality protein foods?
combine with other low quality foods
What is the RDA for protein for a healthy body weight?
0.8g per kg
What is the World Health Organization recommendation for protein?
10% of calories for lower limit, 15% for upper limit
How much protein should you have at a time?
No more than 20g
What is a limited amino acid in legumes?
Methionine
What is limited in nuts and seeds?
Lysine
What is limited in vegetables?
methionine
What are the consequences of too little protein?
Malnutrition, slow growth, impaired immune system, impaired nutrient absorption, impaired brain and kidney function
What are two diseases from protein malnutrition?
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
What is Kwashiorkor?
Lacking in protein
What is Marasmus?
Lacking severely in calories and protein
What are the types of vegetarian diets?
Vegan, Vegetarian (lacto-ovo and Lacto)
What are nutrients of concern for a Vegetarian diet?
Protein, Omega-3 Fats, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Calcium, Zinc, Iron (most!)
What is nutrigenomics?
The effects of nutrients on the genome and regulation of gene expression
ex. vitamin A can regulate gene expression
What is nutrigenetics?
Effect of genetic variation on interaction between diet and disease, response nutrients, and food bioactives.
ex. celiac disease
