Chapter 4 -Carbs Flashcards
What are the simple monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
What are the disaccharides?
lactose, sucrose, maltose
What are the polysaccharides?
Amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, starch
What is in sucrose?
fructose and glucose
What is in lactose?
glucose and galactose
What is in maltose?
glucose and glucose
Do polysaccharides have fiber?
yes
What are the benefits of fiber?
Lower chances of colon cancer, softer stool, increased peristalsis, lower caloric intake, removes carcinogens, lowers risk of heart disease, healthy gut bacteria
What is a risk of eating a lot of fiber?
Flatulence, increased water requirements, interfere with absorption of iron
What are some sources of fiber?
Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seeds, legumes, avocado
Are oats soluble or insoluble?
Soluble
Are fruits and veggies soluble or insoluble fiber?
Soluble
Are whole grains insoluble or soluble?
Insoluble
What is the whole kernel?
Bran, germ, and endosperm
What part of the kernel has the most minerals?
Bran, 50-80%
What part of the kernel has the most grain by weight?
Endosperm- 85%
What does germ provide in the kernel?
it has DNA antioxidants
What are benefits of whole grain?
Fiber, Vitamin E, B vitamins, and iron
What are some whole grains?
brown rice, quinoa, popcorn, buckwheat, barley, teff, oats, bulgur, sorahum
What happens in the mouth during digestion of carbs?
Mechanical breakdown, salivary amylase
What happens in the stomach during carb digestion?
Salivary amylase stops
What does the pancreas do during carb digestion?
Pancreatic duct connected to small intestine and secretes enzymes
What does the small intestine do in carb digestion?
Pancreatic enzymes secreted into intestine absorbs into blood
What does the liver do in carb digestion?
passes through and is converted to glucose in the blood
What does the large intestine do in carb digestion?
Where fiber is formed into acids and gases
What is the fate of carbs?
Used for energy, stored as glycogen (limited), and stored as fat
What is the main function of glucose?
to provide energy
What are ketones?
A byproduct of fat breakdown, can replace some of brain’s need for glucose
What is ketosis?
When ketone levels are very high in the blood
What are symptoms of lactose intolerance?
flatulence, bloating, abdominal pain
What percentage of the population has some difficulty digesting lactose?
65%
What are the steps of glucose regulation?
Elevated glucose, pancreas releases insulin, glucose into cells, conversion into glycogen, normalization, low blood glucose, pancreas releases glucagon. normalization
What is polydipsia?
excessive thirst
What is polyphagia?
excessive hunger
What is type 1 diabetes and how do you treat it?
Pancreas does not produce insulin. Inject insulin, moderate carb intake
What is type 2 diabetes and how do you treat it?
insulin resistance. exercise, moderate carb intake, lose weight, medications
What are the consequences of uncontrolled blood glucose?
Kidney disease, blindness, heart disease, stroke, nerve damage, increased infections, amputations
