Chapter 5 - Fat Flashcards
What are the functions of fat in the body?
Transport of fat-soluble vitamins, insulation, storing fat for energy, hormone regulation, nervous system/ neuro transmission, components of cell membranes, padding organs, and bile
What are the functions of fat in food?
Flavor, aroma, texture, satiety, fat-soluble vitamins, source of some essential fatty acids
absorption is better
What are the classes of lipids?
Triglycerides and fatty acids, sterols (cholesterols), and phospholipids
How much of the diet is triglycerides and fatty acids?
98%
What class of fats provide energy?
Triglycerides and fatty acids
What are fatty acids?
A string of carbon, a methyl group, and an acid group on the other end
What does saturated fat look like?
No double bonds, saturated with hydrogens
How many double bonds does unsaturated fat have?
One double bond (this is monounsaturated fat)
How many double bonds does Poly-unsaturated fat have?
3 double bonds
How many double bonds does Linoleic Acid have?
2 double bonds, is also a polyunsaturated fat
What does a triglyceride look like?
A glycerol backbone, three fatty acids connected to a glycerol, or 3 carbon backbone with 3 oxygen
What are the properties of saturated fat?
It is solid at room temperature
What are food sources of saturated fat?
Fatty meats, coconut oil, palm oil, butter
What are the health implications of saturated fat?
Higher LDL, increased risk for cardiovascular disease
What are the properties of monounsaturated fatty acids?
In between liquid at room temperature, can be solid in cooler temperatures
What are food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Avocados, canola, nuts, peanut butter, olive oil
What are the health implications of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Reduction in LDL
What are the properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Liquid at room temperature, and in colder temperatures is liquid
What are food sources of Polyunsaturated fatty acids?
soy, corn oil, nuts, fish
What are the health implications for Polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Decreased risk for cardiovascular disease, decreased LDL, increased HDL
What are the types of Polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Omega-6 and Omega-3
Are linoleic and linolenic acids essential Polyunsaturated fatty acids?
yes
What is linoleic acid?
Omega-6 fatty acids (oils).
Ex. corn, soybean oil, safflower, margarine, mayonnaise
What is linolenic acid?
Omega-3 fatty acids (fish),
Ex. Coldwater fish, canola oil, flaxseed oil
What are the benefits of Omega-3?
Lower blood pressure, prevents blood clot formation, protects against irregular heartbeats, reduces inflammation, brain and vision function
What are the types of Omega-3 Fatty Acids?
EPA and DHA and ALA
What food has EPA and DHA?
Coldwater fish
What foods have ALA?
Flax, Canola, Soy, Walnuts
How often should you have fish?
8 oz once a week
Do ALA foods have to be converted to EPA and DHA?
Yes
How effective is the conversion from ALA to EPA or DHA?
8-20%
What fish is high in mercury?
Shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish
What is hydrogenation?
Adding hydrogen and saturating something. When hydrogens are on one side of the double bond (cis configuration)
What are the properties of Trans Fatty Acids?
Easier to cook with
What are the health implications of Trans Fatty Acids?
Increase of CVD, higher LDL
Where are the hydrogens on trans fatty acids?
They are on opposite sides of the carbon
What are the benefits of hydrogenation?
Increases shelf life, makes things tender, easier to cook with, reduces rancidity, and changes texture
What is hydrogenation drawback?
Destroys some essential fatty acids, increases risk of CVD, Creates some trans fats
Will eating cholesterol increase your blood cholesterol?
no.
What are some characteristics of Cholesterol?
Produced by the liver, does not provide energy, is only in animal products, and is used to synthesize vitamins in our body
What is emulsification?
The mixing of the fat layer and the water layer with bile
Where do you get phospholipids?
Egg yolk, soy beans, peanuts, cell membranes
Do phospholipids give energy?
No
What is the order of lipid digestion?
Mouth, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and large intestine
What does the mouth do in lipid digestion?
Salivary lipase, insignificant fats become tiny droplets
What does the stomach do in lipid digestion?
Gastric lipase, minor digestion
What does the small intestine do in lipid digestion?
liver, bile emulsifies fat
What does the pancreas do in lipid digestion?
Pancreatic lipase, breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides
What does the large intestine do in lipid digestion?
Less than 5% ingested fat is excreted in feces
What kind of fatty acids can be absorbed into the bloodstream?
Only short and medium chain fatty acids
What are lipoproteins?
They are vehicles that are soluble in water than can move lipids through the blood
Where is the Chylomicron lipoprotein?
In the small intestine
What is the bulk of chylomicron made of?
They are made of triglycerides
In lipid transport, where does chylomicron remnants go?
The liver
What does the liver do in lipid transport?
It makes the lipoprotein VLDL to deliver fat to cells. It also makes HDL (which removes excess cholesterol)
What does VLDL do in lipid transport?
It exchanges fat for cholesterol with HDL and HDL delivers cholesterol to the liver
What does VLDL turn into after it exchanges fat?
It turns into LDL which delivers cholesterol to tissues for cell membranes and forms hormones and compounds of vitamin D
What can increase the risk of atherosclerosis?
high LDL
How does atheroslcerosis develop?
There is an injury to artery wall, minerals and platelets form plaque, and the arteries are narrowed
