Chapter 6 Primary Terms Flashcards
Lacteals
Specialized structures pf the lumphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream
Intersitial Fluid
Plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, then into the spaces between the cells of the tissues
Lymphatic Circulatory System
Circulates blood throughout the body, no pumping organ, flows in only one direction
Lymph
Clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins
Lymphatic Capillaries
Microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness
Lymphatic Vessels
Valves to prevent the backwards flow of lymph
Right Lymphatic Duct
Collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, upper right quadrant, and right arm
Thoracic Duct
Collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, upper left quadrant, left arm, entire lower protion of the trunk, and both legs
Lymph Node
Contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens
Cervical Lymph Nodes
Located along the sides of the neck
Cervic means neck, -al means pertaining to
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Located in the armpits
Axill means armpit, -ary means pertaining to
Inguinal Lymoh Nodes
Located in the inguinal area of the lower abdomen
Inguin means groin, -al means pertaining to
Lymphocytes
Leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells, defends the body against antigens
Antigen
Any substance that the body regards as being foreign
Natural Killer Cells
Play an important roll in the killing of cancer cells and cells infexted by viruses
B Cells
Specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies
Plasma Cells
Develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to desstroy specific antigens
T Cells
Lymphocytes play a central role in cell-medicated immunity
Cytokines
Group of proteins sych as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells, signal to begin the immune response
Interferons
Produced in response to the presence of antigens, activate the immune response, fight virusesby slowing or stopping their multiplication
Interleukins
Multiple rolls, directing B and T cells to diveide and proliferate
Tonsils
Three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of your throat, prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory system
Adenoids
Located in the nasopharynx
Palatine Tonsils
Located on the left and right sides of the throat area
Lingual Tonsils
Located at the base of the tongue but are not visible
Thymus
Mass of lymphoid tissue above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty, secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes
Vermiform Appendix
Appendix
Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, may play a role in the immune system
Spleen
Sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue, filters microorganisms
Hemolytic
Function of destryoing worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
Intact Skin
Skin that hasn’t been cut or scraped
Respiratory System
Traps breathed in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane
Digestive System
Uses acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swalloed or consumed with food
Lymphatic System
Specialized leukocytes work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeded in entering the body
Antigen-antibody Reaction
Immnune reaction
Involves binding antigens to antibodies
Tolerance
Refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
Antibody
Disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
Immunoglobulins
Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response, five primary types are called antibodies
Monocytes
Leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms, when they leave the bloodstream they become macrophages and dendritic cells
Phagocytes
Specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens
Macrophage
Leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells, also remove dead cells and stimulate other immune cells
Macro means large, -phage means a cell that eats
Dendritic Cells
Specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
Complement System
Group of protiens that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form, when needed they complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens
Complemtent means to complete or make whole
Immunity
State of being resistant to a specific disease
Natural Immunity
Passive Immunity
Resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or esposure to a disease, present at birth
Acquired Immunity
Obtained by having had a contagious disease, vaccinated makes this without needing to have had the disease
Allergist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
Infectious Disease Specialist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases caused by microorganims such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites
Immunologist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
Immun means protected, ologist means specialist
Lymphologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
Lymph means lymphatic system, ologist means specialist
Lymphadenitis
Swollen Glands
Inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphaden means lymph nodes, itis means inflammation
Oncologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating maligant disorders such as tumors and cancer
Onc means tumor, ologist means specialist
Lymphadenopathy
Any disease affecting a lymph node or nodes
Lymphaden/o means lymph nodes, ** pathy** means disease
Lymphangioma
Benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
Lymph means lymph, angi means lymph vessel, -oma means tumor
Ruptured Spleen
Medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually the result of a blow to the abdomen
Spleenomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the spleen
Spleen/o means spleen, megaly means abnormal enlargement
Lymphoscintigraphy
Diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels, radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, scanner or probe follows it’s movements
Lymphedema
Swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues, not caused by an injury
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
Noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema, measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb
Allergic Reaction
Occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it was a dangerous invader
Allergy
Hypersensitivity
An overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
Allergen
Substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
Localized Allergic Reaction
Includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen, ie. posion ivy
Systemic Reaction
Anaphylaxis
Severe response to an allergen
Antihistamines
Medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of allergy to wind borne pollens and other types of allergies
Autoimmune Disorder
Any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens
Immunodeficiency Disorder
An inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AIDS
Most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection
Oppurtunistic Infection
Caused by a pthogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans, debilitated humans cause the pathogen to create an infection
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Example pf an oppurtunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV, cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin
ELSIA
Enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay
Blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and others
Synthetic Immunoglobulins
Immune Serum
Used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis
Immunotherapy
Disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
Immun/o means immune, -therapy means treatment
Synthetic Interferon
Used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers
Monoclonal Antibodies
Any class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells
Immunosuppression
Is treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
Immunosuppressant
A substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response, administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders
Corticosteroid Drug
Synthetic hormone that closely resembles the cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands
Cytotoxic Drug
Medication that kills or damages cells
Cyt/o means cell, tox means poison, -ic means pertaining to
Bacteria
One celled mircoscopic organisms, most are not harmful to humans
Pathogen
Microorganism that causes disease in humans
Anthrax
Contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with Bacillus anthracis
Bacilli
Rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
Rickettsia
Small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by rickettsia that is transmitted through the bite of a tick
Spirochetes
Long, slender, sprial-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
Lyme Disease
Transmitted to humans through the bite of a tick
Shigellosis
An infection caused by the bacteria shigella, can be prevented by good hygiene and handwashing
Staphylococcus Aureus
Form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and caused seious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning
Streptococci
Bacteria that form a chain, many are harmless but some cause serious illnesses such as strep throat
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
Occur when antibiotics fail to kill all the bacteria they target, surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug
Methicillian-resistant Staphyloccus Aureus (MRSA)
One of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibodies, serious, difficult to treat, and can be fatal
Fungus
Simple parasitic organism
