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Med Terms > Chapter 2 Primary terms > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Primary terms Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

(fiz-ee-OL-oh-jee)

A

The study of the functions of the structures of the body

Physi means nature or physical, -ology means study of

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3
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standing in standard position
Facing forward, Palms towards the front and by the sides

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4
Q

Body Planes

A

Vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections

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5
Q

Vertical Plane

A

Up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon

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6
Q

Sagittal Plane

(SADJ-ih-tal)

A

Vertical plane that dividesthe body into unequal left and right portions

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7
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Midline
Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

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8
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Verticle plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Coronal Plane

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9
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Flat, crosswise plane

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10
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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11
Q

Ventral

(VEN-tral)

A

Front or belly side of the organ or body

Ventr means bellyside of the body, -al means pertaining to

Opposite of dorsal

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12
Q

Dorsal

(DOR-sal)

A

Back of the body or organ

Dors means back of the body, -al means pertaining to

Opposite of Ventral

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13
Q

Anterior

A

Situated in the front, front or forward part of an organ

Anter means front or before, -ior means pertaining to

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14
Q

Posterior

A

Situated in the back, back or part of an organ

Poster means back or toward the back, -ior means pertaining to

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15
Q

Superior

A

Uppermost, above, or toward the head

Opposite of Inferior

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16
Q

Inferior

A

Lowermost, below, or toward the feet

Opposite of Superior

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17
Q

Cephalic

(seh-FAL-ick)

A

Toward the head

Cephal means head, -ic means pertaining to

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18
Q

Caudal

(KAW-dal)

A

Toward the lower part of the body

Caud means tail or lower part of body, -al means pertaining to

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19
Q

Proximal

A

Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

Opposite of distal

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20
Q

Distal

A

Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

Opposite of Proximal

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21
Q

Medial

A

Direction toward or nearer, the midline

Opposite of lateral

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22
Q

Lateral

A

Direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline

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23
Q

Major Body Cavities

A

Dorsal (back) and Ventral (front) cavities

Contain and protects internal organs

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24
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Along back of the body and head, contains nervous system organs

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25
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Located within the skull, surronds and protects the brain

Cranial means pretaining to the skull

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26
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Located within the spinal column, surronds and protects spinal cord

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27
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Located along front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis

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28
Q

Homeostasis

A

Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

Home/o means constant, -stasis means control

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29
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Surronds and protects the heart and lungs

Chest Cavity or thorax

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30
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Contains the major organs of digestion

Abdomen

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31
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Space formed by the hip bones, contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

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32
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Pelvic and Abdominal cavities as a single unit

Abdomin/o means adbomen, pelv means pelvis

-ic means pertaining to

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33
Q

Inguinal

(ING-gwih-nal)

A

Relating to the groin, refers to entire lower area of abdomen

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34
Q

Right/Left Hypochondriac Regions

A

Covered by the lower ribs

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35
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Located above the stomach

Epi means above, gastr means stomach, ic means pertaining to

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36
Q

Right/Left Lumbar regions

A

Located near the inward curve of the spine

Lumb means lower back, -ar means pertaining to

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37
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Surrounds the umbillicus (Belly Button)

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38
Q

Right/Left Iliac Regions

A

Located near hip bones

Ili means hip bone, -ac means pertaining to

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39
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

Located below the stomach

Hypo means below, gastr means stomach,

-ic means pertainging to

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40
Q

Peritoneum

(pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)

A

Multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place in the abdominal cavity

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41
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

(pah-RYE-eh-tal pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)

A

Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

Parietal means cavity wall

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42
Q

Mesentery

A

Fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

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43
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

(VIS-er-al pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)

A

Inner layer of the Peritoneum that surronds the organs of the abdominal cavity

Visceral means relating to the internal organs

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44
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Located behind the peritoneum

Retro means behind, periton means peritoneum,

-eal means pertaining to

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45
Q

Peritonitis

(pehr-ih-toh-NIGH-tis)

A

Inflammation of the Peritoneum

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46
Q

Cells

A

Basic structural and functional uniits of the body

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47
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

Cyt mean cell, -ology means study of

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48
Q

Cytologist

A

Specialist in the study and analysis of cells

Cyt means cell, -ologist means specialist

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49
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external enviornment

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50
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material within the cell membrane that is not part of the membrane

Cyt/o means cell, -plasm means formative material of cells

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51
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell and helps it divide

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51
Q

Adult Stem cells

Somatic Cells

A

Maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

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52
Q

Stem Cells

A

Unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

52
Q

Genetics

A

Study of how genes are transferred from parents to children

53
Q

Gene

A

Functional unit of heredity

53
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic information of an organism

Human Genome Project

54
Q

Chromosome

(KROH-moh-sohme)

A

A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

54
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

Change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

55
Q

Somatic Cell Mutation

A

Affect indiviual but can not be transmitted to others

56
Q

Gametic Cell Mutation

A

Change within the genes of a gamete (Sex cell) can be transmitted to next gen

57
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes

58
Q

Genetic Disorder

Hereditary Disease

A

Pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

59
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

A

Genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects the respiratory and digestive systems

60
Q

Down Syndrome (DS)

A

A genetic variationthat is assciated with a characteristic facial apperance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities

61
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Caused by changes in the MRI gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development

62
Q

Hemophilia

A

Hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting fator is missing

63
Q

Huntington’s Disease (HD)

A

Genetic disorder that causes nerve digeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife

64
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

Disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system

65
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

66
Q

Phenylketonuria

(fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah)

A

Rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

67
Q

Tissue

A

Group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

68
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

Hist means tissue, -ology

69
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms a protective covering for all internal and external surfaces of the body

70
Q

Epithelium

(ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)

A

Specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membranes

71
Q

Endothelium

(en-doh-THEE-lee-um)

A

Specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavaties, glands, and organs

72
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Support and connects organs and other body tissues

4 Kinds

73
Q

Dense Connective Tissues

A

Bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body

74
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support

Adip means fat, -ose means pertaining to

75
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Holds organs in place and binds tissues together

76
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A

Blood and lymph, transports nutrients and waste products throughout the body

77
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

78
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

79
Q

Aplasia

(ay-PLAY-zhee-ah)

A

Defective development, or congential absence of an organ or tissue

A means without, -plasia means formation

80
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, due to a defiency in the number of cells

Hypo means deficient, -plasia means development

81
Q

Anaplasia

A

Change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other

Ana means backward, -plasia means formation

82
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development or growth off cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue

Dys means bad, -plasia means formation

83
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Hyper means excessive, -plasia means formation

84
Q

Hypertrophy

A

General increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to the increase in size but not in # of cells

Hyper means excessive, -trophy means development

85
Q

Gland

A

Specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

86
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or our of the body

Exo means out, -crine means secrete

87
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Produce hormones, do not have ducts, directly into the bloodstream

Endo means within, -crine means secrete

88
Q

Adenoids

A

Mass of gland like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

89
Q

Adenitis

A

Inflammation of a gland

Aden means gland, -itis means inflammation

90
Q

Adenocarcinoma

(ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-ma)

A

Malignmant tumor that orginates in the glands and may spread to other body parts

Aden/o means gland, carcin means cancerous, -oma means tumor

91
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure

Aden means gland,-oma means tumor

92
Q

Adenosis

A

Any disease or condition of a gland

Aden means gland, -osis means abnormal condition or disease

93
Q

Organ

A

Somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function

94
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease

95
Q

Pathologist

A

Physician who specializes in laboratory analysis of diseased tissue

96
Q

Etiology

(ee-tee-OL-oh-jee)

A

Study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions

97
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease producing microorganism such as a virus

98
Q

Communicable disease

A

Condtition transmitted from one person to another

99
Q

Direct Transmission

A

Human to Human contact in the form of touch or exchange of bodily fluids

100
Q

Bloodborne Transmission

A

Spread of pathogens through infected blood or other bodily fluids

101
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

Spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing

102
Q

Indirect Contact Transmission

A

Occurs in situations in which a susceptible person is in contact with a contaminated person

103
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

Occurs when one has contact with pathogens floating in the air

104
Q

Food-Borne/ Waterborne Transmission

A

Eating or drinking contaminated food or water that hasnt been properly treated

105
Q

Vector-Borne Transmission

A

Spread of disease through blood sucking vectors

Insect Bites

106
Q

Epidemiologist

A

Specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a populated group

107
Q

Endemic

A

Ongoing presence of a disease within a populatipon, group, or area

En means within, dem means population, ic means pertaining t

108
Q

Epidemic

A

Sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population or area

Epi means above, dem means population, -ic means pertaining

109
Q

Pandemic

A

Outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

110
Q

Organic Disorder

A

Produces symptoms that are dectetable physical changes in the body

111
Q

Functional Disorder

A

Produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified

112
Q

Latrogenic Illness

A

Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

113
Q

Idiopathic Disease

A

Any disease without a known cause

Idi/o means peculiar to the individual

114
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Is an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

115
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinic setting

116
Q

Syndrome

A

Set of signs and symptoms

117
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

Characterized by risk factors for deeloping heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

118
Q

Congenital Disorder

A

Abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

119
Q

Developmental Disorder

A

Anomaly or malformation

Birht Defect

120
Q

Atresia

A

Describes the congential absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage

121
Q

Premature Birth

A

Birth occurs earlier than the 37th week of development

122
Q

Birth Injuries

A

Disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery

123
Q

Health Care Proxy

A

Advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person to make treatment decisions

124
Q

Living Will

A

Will but for people still living

125
Q

DNR

A

Legal document to not save that person if they start coding

126
Q

General Practitioner

A

Family practice physician

127
Q

Internist

A

Specilizes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the internal organs

Med Terms (26 decks)

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