Chapter 2 Primary terms Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structures of the body
Physiology
(fiz-ee-OL-oh-jee)
The study of the functions of the structures of the body
Physi means nature or physical, -ology means study of
Anatomical Position
Standing in standard position
Facing forward, Palms towards the front and by the sides
Body Planes
Vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections
Vertical Plane
Up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
Sagittal Plane
(SADJ-ih-tal)
Vertical plane that dividesthe body into unequal left and right portions
Midsagittal Plane
Midline
Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
Frontal Plane
Verticle plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Coronal Plane
Horizontal Plane
Flat, crosswise plane
Transverse Plane
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Ventral
(VEN-tral)
Front or belly side of the organ or body
Ventr means bellyside of the body, -al means pertaining to
Opposite of dorsal
Dorsal
(DOR-sal)
Back of the body or organ
Dors means back of the body, -al means pertaining to
Opposite of Ventral
Anterior
Situated in the front, front or forward part of an organ
Anter means front or before, -ior means pertaining to
Posterior
Situated in the back, back or part of an organ
Poster means back or toward the back, -ior means pertaining to
Superior
Uppermost, above, or toward the head
Opposite of Inferior
Inferior
Lowermost, below, or toward the feet
Opposite of Superior
Cephalic
(seh-FAL-ick)
Toward the head
Cephal means head, -ic means pertaining to
Caudal
(KAW-dal)
Toward the lower part of the body
Caud means tail or lower part of body, -al means pertaining to
Proximal
Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
Opposite of distal
Distal
Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
Opposite of Proximal
Medial
Direction toward or nearer, the midline
Opposite of lateral
Lateral
Direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
Major Body Cavities
Dorsal (back) and Ventral (front) cavities
Contain and protects internal organs
Dorsal Cavity
Along back of the body and head, contains nervous system organs
Cranial Cavity
Located within the skull, surronds and protects the brain
Cranial means pretaining to the skull
Spinal Cavity
Located within the spinal column, surronds and protects spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
Located along front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis
Homeostasis
Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
Home/o means constant, -stasis means control
Thoracic Cavity
Surronds and protects the heart and lungs
Chest Cavity or thorax
Abdominal Cavity
Contains the major organs of digestion
Abdomen
Pelvic Cavity
Space formed by the hip bones, contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic and Abdominal cavities as a single unit
Abdomin/o means adbomen, pelv means pelvis
-ic means pertaining to
Inguinal
(ING-gwih-nal)
Relating to the groin, refers to entire lower area of abdomen
Right/Left Hypochondriac Regions
Covered by the lower ribs
Epigastric Region
Located above the stomach
Epi means above, gastr means stomach, ic means pertaining to
Right/Left Lumbar regions
Located near the inward curve of the spine
Lumb means lower back, -ar means pertaining to
Umbilical Region
Surrounds the umbillicus (Belly Button)
Right/Left Iliac Regions
Located near hip bones
Ili means hip bone, -ac means pertaining to
Hypogastric Region
Located below the stomach
Hypo means below, gastr means stomach,
-ic means pertainging to
Peritoneum
(pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)
Multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place in the abdominal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
(pah-RYE-eh-tal pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)
Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
Parietal means cavity wall
Mesentery
Fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
Visceral Peritoneum
(VIS-er-al pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)
Inner layer of the Peritoneum that surronds the organs of the abdominal cavity
Visceral means relating to the internal organs
Retroperitoneal
Located behind the peritoneum
Retro means behind, periton means peritoneum,
-eal means pertaining to
Peritonitis
(pehr-ih-toh-NIGH-tis)
Inflammation of the Peritoneum
Cells
Basic structural and functional uniits of the body
Cytology
Study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
Cyt mean cell, -ology means study of
Cytologist
Specialist in the study and analysis of cells
Cyt means cell, -ologist means specialist
Cell Membrane
The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external enviornment
Cytoplasm
Material within the cell membrane that is not part of the membrane
Cyt/o means cell, -plasm means formative material of cells
Nucleus
Controls the activities of the cell and helps it divide
Adult Stem cells
Somatic Cells
Maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
Genetics
Study of how genes are transferred from parents to children
Gene
Functional unit of heredity
Genome
Complete set of genetic information of an organism
Human Genome Project
Chromosome
(KROH-moh-sohme)
A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
Genetic Mutation
Change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
Somatic Cell Mutation
Affect indiviual but can not be transmitted to others
Gametic Cell Mutation
Change within the genes of a gamete (Sex cell) can be transmitted to next gen
Genetic Engineering
Manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
Genetic Disorder
Hereditary Disease
Pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects the respiratory and digestive systems
Down Syndrome (DS)
A genetic variationthat is assciated with a characteristic facial apperance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities
Fragile X Syndrome
Caused by changes in the MRI gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting fator is missing
Huntington’s Disease (HD)
Genetic disorder that causes nerve digeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
Marfan Syndrome
Disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system
Muscular Dystrophy
Group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles
Phenylketonuria
(fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah)
Rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
Tissue
Group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
Histology
Microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
Hist means tissue, -ology
Epithelial Tissue
Forms a protective covering for all internal and external surfaces of the body
Epithelium
(ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)
Specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membranes
Endothelium
(en-doh-THEE-lee-um)
Specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavaties, glands, and organs
Connective Tissue
Support and connects organs and other body tissues
4 Kinds
Dense Connective Tissues
Bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
Adipose Tissue
Fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support
Adip means fat, -ose means pertaining to
Loose Connective Tissue
Holds organs in place and binds tissues together
Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood and lymph, transports nutrients and waste products throughout the body
Muscle Tissue
Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
Nerve Tissue
Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
Aplasia
(ay-PLAY-zhee-ah)
Defective development, or congential absence of an organ or tissue
A means without, -plasia means formation
Hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, due to a defiency in the number of cells
Hypo means deficient, -plasia means development
Anaplasia
Change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
Ana means backward, -plasia means formation
Dysplasia
Abnormal development or growth off cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
Dys means bad, -plasia means formation
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
Hyper means excessive, -plasia means formation
Hypertrophy
General increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to the increase in size but not in # of cells
Hyper means excessive, -trophy means development
Gland
Specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
Exocrine Glands
Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or our of the body
Exo means out, -crine means secrete
Endocrine Glands
Produce hormones, do not have ducts, directly into the bloodstream
Endo means within, -crine means secrete
Adenoids
Mass of gland like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
Adenitis
Inflammation of a gland
Aden means gland, -itis means inflammation
Adenocarcinoma
(ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-ma)
Malignmant tumor that orginates in the glands and may spread to other body parts
Aden/o means gland, carcin means cancerous, -oma means tumor
Adenoma
Benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure
Aden means gland,-oma means tumor
Adenosis
Any disease or condition of a gland
Aden means gland, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
Organ
Somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
Pathology
Study of disease
Pathologist
Physician who specializes in laboratory analysis of diseased tissue
Etiology
(ee-tee-OL-oh-jee)
Study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
Pathogen
Disease producing microorganism such as a virus
Communicable disease
Condtition transmitted from one person to another
Direct Transmission
Human to Human contact in the form of touch or exchange of bodily fluids
Bloodborne Transmission
Spread of pathogens through infected blood or other bodily fluids
Droplet Transmission
Spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing
Indirect Contact Transmission
Occurs in situations in which a susceptible person is in contact with a contaminated person
Airborne Transmission
Occurs when one has contact with pathogens floating in the air
Food-Borne/ Waterborne Transmission
Eating or drinking contaminated food or water that hasnt been properly treated
Vector-Borne Transmission
Spread of disease through blood sucking vectors
Insect Bites
Epidemiologist
Specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a populated group
Endemic
Ongoing presence of a disease within a populatipon, group, or area
En means within, dem means population, ic means pertaining t
Epidemic
Sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population or area
Epi means above, dem means population, -ic means pertaining
Pandemic
Outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
Organic Disorder
Produces symptoms that are dectetable physical changes in the body
Functional Disorder
Produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified
Latrogenic Illness
Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
Idiopathic Disease
Any disease without a known cause
Idi/o means peculiar to the individual
Infectious Disease
Is an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
Nosocomial Infection
A disease acquired in a hospital or clinic setting
Syndrome
Set of signs and symptoms
Metabolic Syndrome
Characterized by risk factors for deeloping heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes
Congenital Disorder
Abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
Developmental Disorder
Anomaly or malformation
Birht Defect
Atresia
Describes the congential absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
Premature Birth
Birth occurs earlier than the 37th week of development
Birth Injuries
Disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery
Health Care Proxy
Advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person to make treatment decisions
Living Will
Will but for people still living
DNR
Legal document to not save that person if they start coding
General Practitioner
Family practice physician
Internist
Specilizes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the internal organs
