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Med Terms > Chapter 10 Primary Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Primary Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Includes the brain and the spinal cord, functions include recieving and processing information and regulating all bodily activity

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves, transmits nerve signals to and from the CNS

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3
Q

Nerve

A

One or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body

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4
Q

Tract

A

Is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

A nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

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6
Q

Innervation

A

The supply of nerves to a specific body part

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6
Q

Plexus

A

Network of intersecting spinal nerves

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7
Q

Receptors

A

Sites in the sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose, and taste buds) that receive external stimulation

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8
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse

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9
Q

Refflex

A

Automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

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10
Q

Neurons

A

Basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

The root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

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12
Q

Axon

A

Process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

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13
Q

Terminal End Fibers

A

branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse

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14
Q

Synapse

A

Space between two neuronss or between a neuron and a receptor organ

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

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16
Q

Acetycholine

A

Released at synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions, influences muscle actions

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17
Q

Dopamine

A

Released within the brain, plays a role in motivation, pleasure, and muscle movement

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18
Q

Endorphins

A

Naturally occuring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain

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19
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress, fight or flight response

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20
Q

Serotonin

A

Released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition

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21
Q

Glial Cells

A

Provide support and protection for neurons, four main functions: surround neurons and hold them in place, supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulate one neuron from another, destroy and remove dead neurons

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22
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Protective covering made up of glail cells, white seath forms the white matter of the brain

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23
Q

Meninges

A

System of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord, 3 layers of connective tissue

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24
Q

Dura Mater

Three Layers

A

Thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

Dura means hard, mater means mother

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25
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

Resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges

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26
Q

Pia Mater

A

Third layer of the meninges, located nearest to the brain and spinal cord, delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels

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27
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Spinal Fluid

A

Produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum

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28
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and uppermost portion of the brain, responsible for all thought, judgement, memory, and emotion

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29
Q

Cerebral

A

Pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain

Cerebr means brain, al means pertaining

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30
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures

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31
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex

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32
Q

Sulci

A

Fissures of the cerebral cortex

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33
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The two hemispheres of the cerebrum

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34
Q

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body, injury to the left affects the right side of the body

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35
Q

Right Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Controls most of the functions on the left side of the body, injury to the right side effects the left side of the body

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36
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior

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37
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Recieves and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles

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38
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Controls eyesight

39
Q

Thalamus

A

Located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body

40
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Controls the sense of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located below the thalamus

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second-largest part of the brain, located at the back of the head

43
Q

Brainstem

A

Stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord

44
Q

Midbrain and Pons

A

Provide conduction pathways to and from the higher anf lower centers in the brain, control reflexes for movements of the eyes

45
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Located at the lowest part of the brainstem, is connected to the spinal cord, controls basic survival functions

46
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal cord

47
Q

Autonomic Nerve Fibers

A

Carry instructions to the prgans and glands from the autonomic nervous system

48
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Orgininate from the under-surface of the brain, named for the area they serve

49
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves, the other parasympathetic nerves, controls involuntary actions of the body

50
Q

Sympathetic Nerves

A

Prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles

51
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves

A

Return the body to normal after a response to stress, maintain notmal body functions during ordinary circumstances that aren’t emotionally or physically stressful

52
Q

Anesthesiologist

A

Physcian who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

An means without, esthesi means feeling

53
Q

Anesthetist

A

Medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but isn’t a physician

An means without, esthet means feeling

54
Q

Neurologist

A

Physician who specializess in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system

Neur means nerve, ologist means specialist

55
Q

Neurosurgeon

A

Physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

56
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness

Psych means mind

57
Q

Psychologist

A

Has a PhD but is not a medical doctor, evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

58
Q

Social Worker

A

Trained therapist, usually with a master’s

59
Q

Cephalalgia

Headache

A

Pain in the head

Cephal means head, algia means pain

60
Q

Migraine Headache

A

Characterized by pain on one side of the head

61
Q

Cluster Headaches

A

Intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head

62
Q

Encephalocele

A

Congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

Encephal/o means brain, cele means hernia

63
Q

Meningocele

A

Congenital herniation of the mininges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

Mening/o means meninges

64
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the venticles of the head

65
Q

Meningoma

A

Common, slow-growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges

Mening/i means meninges, oma means tumor

66
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Mening means meninges, itis means inflammation

67
Q

Chiari Malformation

A

Congenital condition in which part of the cerebellum extends down into the spinal canal

68
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies

Encephal means brain, itis means inflammation

69
Q

Tetanus

A

Acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria

69
Q

Reye’s Syndrome (RS)

A

Serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion

70
Q

Tourette Syndrome

A

Complex neurological disorder characterized by invouluntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities

71
Q

Cognition

A

Describes the mental associated with thinking, learning, and memory

72
Q

Dementia

A

Slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, often accompanied by personality changes

73
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

Form of demetia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain

74
Q

Neurodegenerative Disease

A

Umbrella term for disorders in which there is a prgressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons

74
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language

75
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Chronic, degeneratice central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidty, and a slow or shuffling gait

76
Q

Tremor

A

Repetitive, invouluntary muscle movement usually involving the hands, arms, head, or face

76
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Lou Gehrig’s Disease

A

Rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles

77
Q

Amnesia

A

Memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences

78
Q

Concussion

A

Violent shaking up or jarring of the brain

Concuss means shaken together, ion means condition

79
Q

Cerebral Contusion

A

Bruising of the brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

Contus means bruise, ion means condition

80
Q

Cranial Hematoma

A

Collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

Hemat means blood, oma means tumor

80
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

Blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain

80
Q

Coup

A

Injuring occuring within the skull near the point of impact

81
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

Describes the results of a child being violently shaken by someone

82
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A

Describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus

83
Q

Lethargy

A

Lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

84
Q

Stupor

A

Unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused pmly briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts

85
Q

Syncope

Fainting

A

Brief loss of consciousness caused by the deceased flow of blood to the brain

86
Q

Coma

A

Profound state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech

87
Q

Persistent Vegetative State

A

Type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles

88
Q

Delirium

A

Acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

89
Q

Brain Tumor

A

Abnormal growth located inside the skull

90
Q

Glioblastoma

A

Type of fast growing, malignat brain tumor that form glial cells

Med Terms (26 decks)

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