Chapter 6 pdf 18 Flashcards
What is the energy in the cells?
ATP
What molecules move the electrons
NAD+ and FAD
What defines the boundary of a cell
lipids
Where is the information stored
DNA
How and when do they do it
RNA and Proteins
common intermediates of catabolism can be oxidized to form
CO2 and energy
Hydrolyzed to glucose then glycolysis
extracellular polysaccarides
Hydrolyzed to amino acids then precursor for TCA
Proteins
Acetyl CoA- TCA and respiration
Lipids/ fatty acids
Acetyl CoA and TCA/ respiration
organics e.g. pollutants
cells use hydrolytic enzymes to
break bonds
hydrolytic enzymes add what to break bonds?
water
cells use a variety of organic molecules as energy sources
– Use hydrolyIc enzymes to break bonds
– Di- and oligo-saccharides
– Lipids
– Proteins
Starch and cellulose polymers of glucose
Polysaccharides and disaccharides
Amylases breaks down starch to
glucose subunits
Cellulases breaks down cellulose to
glucose subunits
-
Glucose enters glycolysis for
metabolism
– Disaccharides are hydrolyzed by specific disaccharidases
Polysaccharides and disaccharides
liberated through hydrolysis enters glycolysis
– Glucose
Other monosaccharide modified before metabolism
are combinaIon of fatty acids and glycerol
simple lipids
Hydrolyzed by lipases
lipids
Glycerol is converted to
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
-Molecule enters glycolysis
Fatty acids degraded by β-oxidaIon
lipids
– Transfers 2-C fatty acid units to
coenzyme A
» Forms acetyl CoA that enters TCA cycle
hydrolyzed by proteases
proteins
amino group removed through deamination
proteins
• Remaining carbon skeleton converted to precursor metabolite
proteins
glycerol acts like
Nocardia
synthesis of subunits from precursor metabolites
anabolic pathways
pathways consume ATP reducing power and precursor metabolites
anabolic pathways
macromolecules produces once subunits are synthesized
anabolic pathways
Synthesis begins with transfer of acetyl group from acetyl CoA to acyl carrier protein*
anabolic pathways
Carrier hold fatty acid during elongaIon
– Fatty acid released when reaches required length
» 14, 16 or 18 carbons long
anabolic pathways
Glycerol is synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate
anabolic pathways
Energy storage
– Cell wall components – pepIdoglycan
– OM of Gram negaIves
Polysaccharides
Amino acid synthesis
anabolic pathways
Some precursors are formed in glycolysis, other in TCA cycle
Amino acid synthesis
Glutamate synthesis essenIal for formaIon of other amino acids
Amino acid synthesis
Synthesis incorporates ammonia with α-ketoglutarate produced in TCA cycle
Amino acid synthesis
– Amino group from glutamate can be transferred to produced other amino acids
Amino acid synthesis
Precursors for aromaIc amino acids produced in pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis
Amino acid synthesis
NucleoIde synthesis
Anabolic Pathways
NucleoIdes synthesized as ribonucleoIdes and modified to deoxyribonucleoIdes
Nucleotide synthesis
Replace OH group on 2’ carbon of ribose and replace with hydrogen atom
Nucleotide synthesis
remove oxygen
Nucleotide synthesis
Complex integraIon of different molecules
Adenylic or guanylic cyclase
Purines:
Formed then attached to R-5-P
Pyrimidine:
