Chapter 1 Flashcards
is the study of organisms too small to be
seen with human eye
Microbiology
Microbiology was born as a science by who and when?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1674
– Dutch drapery merchant – Ground lenses to view fabric – Used lens to peer into a drop of lake water – First glimpses of microbial world – Called organisms “animalcules”
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
equal credit for initiating
the science of microbiology
Robert Hooke
His compound microscopes were
very poor quality compared to AvL
Robert Hooke
claimed “ organisms can arise from non-living matter, the can reproduce not via sexes but arise by decay and excreetment”
- this a COMMON SENSE thinking for the way of life and didnt waste any time
Aristotle
-Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Worked against the theory of spontaneous generation to disprove it.
- Fransisco Redi
- Louis Pasteur
- John Tyndall
Demonstrated worms found on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meat • Proved this by placing rotting meat in jars – Covered one jar with fine gauze • Gauze prevented flies from depositing eggs – No eggs – no worms!!!
Francesco Redi
Considered the father of modern
microbiology (mid-late 1800)
Louis Pasteur
Demonstrated that air is filled with microorganisms • Proved this by filtering air in cotton plug – Identified organisms in cotton as same organisms contaminating infusions
Louis Pasteur
• To further show air is filled with microbe he
developed swan necked flask
• Was able to demonstrate infusions remained sterile even
if flask was left open
• Also pasteurization, early vaccines, and chirality
Louis Pasteur
a physicist who was able to explain
discrepancies
John Tyndall
A crater on Mars is named in his honor, as is a pub in Carlow town,
a mountain, Mount Tyndall, in California’s Sierra Nevada range and the
penultimate peak of the Matterhorn in the Alps.
John Tyndall
concluded materials from different locations, or collection
times required different boiling times
John Tyndall
Attributed contamination to heat resistant life form that
became known as endospore
Cohn and Koch
After Theory of Spontaneous Generation was disproved Golden Age
of Microbiology was born:
1854–1914.
Microbes have enormous impact on human
existence. What are the roles of microorganisms
-Symbiotic existence in humans and
animals: “the friendly bacteria”
– Disease
– Environmental re-modeling and
remediation
decomposers
microorganisms
responsible for the
production of oxygen and nitrogen
organisms
What are applications of Microbiology?
- Food production
- Bioremediation
- genetic engineering
- bacteria synthesis
– Use organisms to degrade environmental waste
• Degrade pesticides and plastics
• Clean up oil spills
Bioremediation
Fermentation of milk to produce numerous
products
• Yogurt, cheese, buttermilk
food production
• Bacteria can synthesize numerous products usually
more efficiently than mechanical processes
–Ethanol
– Pesticides
– Antibiotics
– Dietary amino acids
introduce genes of one organism into an unrelated
organism to confer new properties on the organism
genetic engineering
Applications include engineering organisms to produce
medically important products and vaccines
• Engineered plants resist disease
• Potentially therapeutic
– Gene therapy
genetic engineering
received credit for creating science
Robert Hooke
responsible for discovering chirality
Louis Pasteur
wiped out tons of the population
caused by microbes
took us to the birth of the renaissance
Bubonic Plague
predicted that you could infect with cow pox to prevent cow pox
1st July 1796, he challenged the boy by deliberately inoculating
him with smallpox!
revolutionized deaths by vaccination
Edward Jenner
set up rules for the science of medical micro to actually say what mircroorganisms caused what disease
Robert Koch
Koch’s postulates
- Organism must be isolated from any diseased organisms in all cases. ( same symptom= same disease)
- Organism must be obtained in pure culture.
- Pure culture must be able to cause the original disease after re-introduction. ( tricky bc sometimes things that infect us, don’t always infect other animals )
- Must always be re-isolated from the model organism.
Perfect organism to test Koch Postulates and why
Bacillus anthracis
- fast replicating
- highly potent
- stable endospore
Bacterium coli communis and summer diarrhea in children
Theodor Esherich
causes stomach ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
why are micro organisms a model for study?
– Metabolism same as high forms of life
– Genetic properties mimic other organisms
other organisms
– Building blocks of macromolecules same as other life forms
scientific name for cheese
Penicillium roqueforti
the Bubonic Plague was caused by
Yersinia pestis
developed pure culture techniques
Robert Koch
initial rules for cause and consequence of disease
Robert Koch
” what is true for an elephant is also true of bacteria “
Jacques Monod
established a meathod for differentiation commensals from pathogens
Kotch’s postulates
All living things can be classified into 3 domains…
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eucarya
Bacteria and Archaea are members of this group
Prokaryotes
single celled and contain no membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryotes (pre nucleus)
do not contain organelles
Prokaryotes
contain membrane bound nucleus
Eukaryotes (true nucleus)
contain internal organelles (ex/ mitochondria)
Eukaryotes
May be singular or multicellular
-yeast vs algae
Eukaryotes
Most common type of human infection
Domain Bacteria
bacterias rigid cell walls contain
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
responsible for cell shape
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
multiply by binary fission
Domain archaea ( motile ) Domain bacteria (some bacteria are motile)
binary fission
- one cell divides to two
- each cell is genetically identical to the first
have a cell wall that differs from bacteria
because it lacks “bacterial” peptidoglycan
Domain Archaea
Often found in extreme environments
- extreme temps
- high concentrations of salt
Domain Archaea
all members
Domain Eucarya
microbial world is composed of these
single celled Eucarya
- algae
- fungi
- protozoa
