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Tracey's Lecture Notes > Chapter 6 Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Bones Flashcards

1
Q

describe functional properties and common locations of hyaline cartilage

A

provide support with flexibility and resilience

abundant in articular cartilage, costal cartilage, respiratory cartilage, and nasal cartilage

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2
Q

describe functional properties and locations of elastic cartilage

A

stretchy to withstand repeated bending

found in external ear and epiglottis

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3
Q

describe functional properties and location of fibrocartilage

A

compressible with thick collagen fibers

found in knee and vertebrae

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4
Q

explain difference between cartilage formation in apposition growth and interstitial growth

A

apposition growth: chondrocytes secrete new matrix outside surrounding perichondrium (growth is external)

interstitial growth: chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix (growth is internal)

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5
Q

describe 4 functions of skeleton and bone tissue

A
  1. framework/support
  2. protect (ex. rib cage + skull)
  3. mineral storage (calcium + phosphorous)
  4. blood cell production (aka hematopoiesis)
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6
Q

give examples of each of the bone classes (long, short, etc)

A

long: humerus, femur, metacarpals
short: carpals and tarsals
sesamoid bones: patella + tiny bones on the pollux and hallux
flat bones: sternum, scapula, ribs and cranial bones
irregular bones: vertebrae and hip bones

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7
Q

where is endosteum generally located?

A

lines the marrow cavities of bones

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8
Q

where is periosteum generally located?

A

lines outside of bone

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9
Q

what is an organic component of bone and what advantage does it offer bone?

A

collagen is a protein, thus organic

provides tensile strength (resists tension)

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10
Q

what is an inorganic component of bone and what advantage does it offer bone?

A

hydroxyapatites such as calcium phosphate

provides compressive strength

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11
Q

describe the process of endochondral ossification

A

Endochondral: inside cartilage
usually occurs in long bones; begins with the formation of hyaline model, perichondrium turns into periosteum, a formation of bone collar forms around the cartilage, cartilage tissue calcifies, a medullary cavity is produced within the centermost cartilage portion of bone collar

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12
Q

describe the process of intramembranous ossification

A

Intramembranous: Between/within membranes
usually occurs in flat bones; begins with sheets of unspecialized sheet (mesenchyme cell sheet - think baby skull bones), osteoblasts are formed from some of the mesenchyme cells and spongey bone and periosteum begin to form. Just under either side of the periosteum, a thin layer of compact bone replaces some of the spongey bone.

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13
Q

Describe how epiphyseal plates allow bones to grow

A

Cartilage within the epiphyseal plate does not change in size, rather, the multiplication of calcified bone cells are what begin to layer and increase bone size

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14
Q

describe and name the first zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

resting zone: cells are inactive

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15
Q

describe and name the second zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

proliferation zone: young chondrocytes divide by mitosis

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16
Q

describe and name the third zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

hypertrophy zone: cells mature and increase in size and begin to calcify

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17
Q

describe and name the fourth zone of the epiphyseal plate

A

calcification zone: dead chondrocytes left with calcium phosphate and collagen; blood vessels begin to invade due to osteoclasts breaking down matrix. Osteoblasts begin to form bone

18
Q

explain what parathyroid hormone does and why it would be released

A

releases when blood levels of calcium decrease

act to stimulate osteoclasts to take action and break down bone matrix in order to release calcium into blood

19
Q

explain what calcitonin stimulate

A

stimulates osteoblasts into forming bone matrix

20
Q

describe why mechanical or physical stress is important for bone development

A

muscle tension and gravity stimulates osteoblasts. which allows for development of bone to thicken where most stress occurs
(without physical stress, bone can degrade such as with astronauts)

21
Q

Describe the (simple) steps of fracture repair in bone

A
  1. hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling occurs
22
Q

what causes osteomalacia and rickets?

A

calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency

23
Q

what can happen to children with rickets?

A

develop bowed legs

24
Q

what causes scurvy?

A

vitamin C deficiency

25
Q

what can an imbalance of growth hormones cause?

A

dwarfism or gigantism

26
Q

what can an imbalance of thyroid hormones cause?

A

a growth delay

27
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

fragmented bone

28
Q

what is a fissured fracture?

A

incomplete break parallel to shaft of bone

29
Q

what is a greenstick fracture?

A

incomplete break on one side of bone (commonly seen in children where bone is not fully calcified)

30
Q

what is a transverse fracture?

A

complete break perpendicular to shaft of bone

31
Q

what is an oblique fracture?

A

occurs diagonal to shaft of bone

32
Q

what is a spiral fracture?

A

caused by twisting bone; is spiral break in direction to bone

33
Q

how long for bones in our entire body to be replaced?

A

10 years

34
Q

where will you find osteocytes?

A

in lacunae of bone

35
Q

______take calcium from bone and deposit to blood

A

osteoclasts

36
Q

_______ take calcium from blood and deposit to bone

A

osteoblasts

37
Q

without collagen a bone would be too _____

A

brittle

38
Q

without calcium and phosphorous a bone would be too ______

A

flexible

39
Q

another name for compact bone

A

cortical bone

40
Q

two other names for spongey bone

A

cancellous bone or trabecular bone

Tracey's Lecture Notes (14 decks)

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