Chapter 5 Integumentary System

Question 1

list the two layers of skin and describe subcutaneous tissue

Answer 1

epidermis, dermis

subcutaneous tissue lies beneath skin, stores fat, anchors skin to underlying structures

Question 2

name the tissue type composing the epidermis

Answer 2

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 3

what does the stratum basale layer of epidermis do for the skin

Answer 3

constantly forming new cells and keratinocytes, also houses melanocytes

Question 4

what does the stratum spinosum important for

Answer 4

cells become connected by desmosomes

Question 5

what does the stratum granulosum?

Answer 5

process of keratinization occurs; cells begin to die and start leaving behind keratin

Question 6

what is important about the stratum lucidum and what kind of skin is it found in?

Answer 6

few rows of dead keratinocytes which provides additional protection for skin in high-use areas; only found in thick skin

Question 7

what is the importance of stratum corneum?

Answer 7

outermost layer of epidermis where only dead keratin filled cells are found; this layer will be shed

Question 8

name the two tissue types of connective tissue found in the dermis and their significance

Answer 8

papillary dermis: loose areolar connective tissue; contains all the glands and sensory receptors
reticular dermis: dense irregular connective tissue; contains network of blood vessels and collagen fibers

Question 9

what contributes to red skin color?

Answer 9

lack of melanin produced by melanocytes and hemoglobin found in dermis layer

Question 10

what contributes to darker skin color?

Answer 10

increased production of melanin from the melanocytes in the epidermis

Question 11

what is the shaft of a hair?

Answer 11

the hair we see

Question 12

what is the root of a hair?

Answer 12

the part of hair under the skin

Question 13

what three things is a hair composed of?

Answer 13

medulla: innermost part
cortex: part surrounding the medulla
cuticle: outermost part of hair, provides protection, and determines appearance of hair

Question 14

what are the three layers of the hair follicle?

Answer 14

dermal root sheath: outermost part
external epithelial root sheath
internal epithelial root sheath

Question 15

what surround the hair and provides the growth zone?

Answer 15

the hair bulb or matrix

Question 16

what supplies blood to the hair?

Answer 16

hair papilla

Question 17

what two things does the arrector pili do?

Answer 17

contracts and forms goosebumps; forces sebum to act as skin lubricant

Question 18

what produces dark hair?

Answer 18

melanocytes

Question 19

replacement of melanin in hair with air bubbles causes what?

Answer 19

gray or white hair

Question 20

pheomelanin produces what?

Answer 20

red hair

Question 21

androgens cause hair follicles to have shorter and short growth cycles, this is known as:

Answer 21

male-patterned baldness

Question 22

what is the nail fold?

Answer 22

surrounds the sides of nail

Question 23

what is the part of nail that grows past the nail bed?

Answer 23

free edge

Question 24

what is the center part of the nail that takes up the most of it?

Answer 24

nail body

Question 25

what is the white part of the nail found near the cuticle?

Answer 25

lunula

Question 26

another word for eponychium?

Answer 26

cuticle

Question 27

found under the cuticle, responsible for nail growth

Answer 27

nail root

Question 28

skin part found under nail

Answer 28

nail bed

Question 29

what does the hyponychium do?

Answer 29

help anchor nail to nail bed

Question 30

locations and names of the two types of sudoriferous glands

Answer 30

apocrine: located in groin and armpits
merocrine: located all throughout the body

Question 31

what kind of gland is and what secretion do sebaceous glands produce?

Answer 31

holocrine secretion - sebum to lubricate skin

Question 32

compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine sudoriferous glands

Answer 32

eccrine or merocrine produce sweat to thermoregulate

apocrine open into hair follicles and produce pheromones

Question 33

describe how the skin provides at least five different functions

Answer 33

• Protection: keratin provides hardness and waterproofing of skin cells
• Body temp regulation: sweat glands act in order to produce sweat which reduces body temp when it becomes too warm
• Cutaneous sensation: free nerve endings allow for skin to sense painful stimuli in order to react accordingly to remove stimuli
• Blood reservoir: blood supply held within the skin can be temporarily diverted to muscles or other body organs when needed
• Excretion: sweating can rid of excreting excess salt and water