Cells

Question 1

solutions that have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in cells

Answer 1

isotonic solutions

Question 2

solutions that have a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in a cell (bunch of solutes, less water)

Answer 2

hypertonic solutions

Question 3

solutions that have a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than in cells (less solutes, more water)

Answer 3

hypotonic solutions

Question 4

what happens if a cell is exposed to hypertonic solutions

Answer 4

shrink and shrivel because of lack of water present in solution

Question 5

what happens if a cell is exposed to hypotonic solutions?

Answer 5

Cells swell as they are filled with the abundance of water found in the solution

Question 6

Three characteristics of cell theory?

Answer 6

cell is the smallest unit of life
all organisms are made of one or more cells.
cells only arise from other cells

Question 7

Describe extracellular fluid

Answer 7

dissolves and transports substances in the body

Question 8

describe cellular secretions

Answer 8

aid in digestion or act as lubricants

Question 9

describe extracellular matrix

Answer 9

mesh of “cell glue” that help bind body cells together

Question 10

list three major regions of a generalized cell and their function

Answer 10

nucleus, controls cellular activity
cytoplasm, packed with organelles that provide specific cell function
plasma membrane, barrier of the cell

Question 11

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

Answer 11

a phospholipid bilayer

Question 12

what do transport proteins do?

Answer 12

use ATP to channel along solvents in and out of the cell wall

Question 13

what do receptor proteins do?

Answer 13

transform shape to fit and pass along specific chemicals in and out of the cell wall

Question 14

what do enzyme proteins do?

Answer 14

speed up chemical reactions such as metabolism by altering necessary molecules quickly along path

Question 15

what do linker proteins do?

Answer 15

hold on to and anchor filaments to inside and outside of plasma membrane to provide structure

Question 16

what is a concentration gradient

Answer 16

occurs when the concentration of particles are higher in one area than another. particles want to move from higher concentration to lower concentration to balance out

Question 17

what is a electrical gradient?

Answer 17

the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other. Ions have charges that make them pull naturally one way or another

Question 18

electrochemical gradient

Answer 18

the combination of chemical and electrical gradient which at times can work against each other

Question 19

describe the importance of osmosis

Answer 19

important for distributing water in fluid containing compartments of the body

Question 20

describe osmotic pressure

Answer 20

pressure needed to be applied to a solution to prevent inward flow of water through a semipermeable membrane

Question 21

what does permeability of the plasma membrane mean?

Answer 21

relates to gate-keeping of what goes in and out and what stays out of a cell

Question 22

what is a tight junction?

Answer 22

bonding of adjacent cells meant to prevent unwanted leaks within epithelial sheets

Question 23

what is a desmosome?

Answer 23

velcro like anchors between cells meant to prevent separation

Question 24

what is a gap junction?

Answer 24

communicating junction, hollow cylinders that allow small molecules in and out

Question 25

what are the three passive transport processes?

Answer 25

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Question 26

what is the process of simple diffusion?

Answer 26

substances that are lipid-soluble are able to pass through lipid bilayer. Simple molecules are able to pass

Question 27

what is the process of facilitated diffusion?

Answer 27

substances are transported to the other side using protein channels or receptors

Question 28

what is the process of osmosis?

Answer 28

water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one to equalize concentration of water on both sides

Question 29

describe primary active transport

Answer 29

uses energy formed from hydrolysis of ATP with transport proteins called pumps

Question 30

describe secondary active transport

Answer 30

uses energy store in concentration gradients of ions. Moves one solute down the concentration gradient while also moving another solute up against their concentration gradient

Question 31

Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis

Answer 31

endocytosis process of forming a vesicle to transport something from outside to inside the cell exocytosis process of ejecting substances from within the cell to outside of it

Question 32

describe phagocytosis

Answer 32

responsible for digesting solid materials within a cell. Usually waste, bacteria, or other unwanted substances

Question 33

Describe pinocytosis

Answer 33

ingests liquids filled with dissolved molecules into the cell

Question 34

describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 34

uses receptors to selectively choose materials to ingest within a cell