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Tracey's Lecture Notes > Chapter 11 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

list the three basic functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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2
Q

explain what sensory input is responsible for

A

gathering information

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3
Q

explain what integration is responsible for

A

interprets sensory input, makes decisions for each moment, and initiates actions

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4
Q

explain what motor output is responsible for and what does it consist of?

A

carrying out action; consists of effector organs

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5
Q

you are driving and see a red light. You hit your foot on the brake. What functions of the nervous system allow for this?

A

sensory input - eyes seeing the red light
integration - your nervous system takes the information and initiates the need to brake
motor output - your foot presses on the brake

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6
Q

explain the structural and functional aspects of the central nervous system

A

made up of brain and spinal cord

allows for integrative function

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7
Q

explain the structural and functional aspects of the peripheral nervous system

A

made up of cranial and spinal nerves

allows for sensory and motor function function through the afferent and efferent divisions

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8
Q

describe afferent division

A

nerve that carries AP to the central nervous system

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9
Q

describe efferent division

A

(exits) carries out the impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs such as muscles and glands

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10
Q

Describe and give an example of how the sensory division works. Afferent or efferent?

A

information travels from PNS to CNS (afferent)

sensory receptors in finger send signal to dorsal root of spinal nerve and into the spinal cord

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11
Q

describe the somatic sensory division. Is it voluntary? how many motor nerves?

A

skin, skeletal muscles and joints
voluntary
1 motor nerve

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12
Q

Give an example of how somatic sensory division works. Afferent or efferent?

A

CNS to PNS (efferent)

signal from spinal cord travels through the ventral root of spinal nerve and to the effecting muscles

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13
Q

what is a part of the autonomic sensory division? Is it voluntary? How many motor nerves?

A

smooth and cardiac muscle + glands
Involuntary
2 motor nerves

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14
Q

Give an example of how the autonomic division works. Afferent or efferent?

A

CNS to PNS (efferent)
signal travels from the spinal cord to the ventral spinal nerve then to the autonomic ganglion then to the effecting organ such as large intestine

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15
Q

what is another name for neuron?

A

nerve cells

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16
Q

what do nerve cells allow for?

A

conduct messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another

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17
Q

what are four characterizes of neurons

A

Neurolemma (cell membrane)
Somma (cell body/cytoplasm)
dendrites
axon

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18
Q

how is the cell body and dendrites similar in its function of carrying signals?

A

they both receive and integrate the signal to the axon

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19
Q

what is the axon responsible for?

A

generating action potential and carrying info to other structures

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20
Q

describe the trigger zone of the axon

A

area where the somma and axon meet (axon hillock to initial segment)

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21
Q

describe the myelin sheath

A

segments surrounding the axon

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22
Q

what are the junctions between myelin sheaths called and what do they allow for?

A

Node of Ranvier; allow for action potential to skip down along the axon

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23
Q

where is the presynaptic terminal located and what does it allow for?

A

end of the axon; delivers information to its destination

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24
Q

difference between nucleus and ganglion?

A

nucleus - collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

ganglion - collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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25
Q

one long axon is called ______?

bundles of axon are called ______ and _____?

A

nerve fiber

tracts and nerves

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26
Q

differentiate between a tract and a nerve?

A

tract - bundle of axons in the CNS

nerve - bundle of axons in the PNS

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27
Q

what is the importance of myelin sheaths?

A

protect and electrically insulate nerve fibers while increasing the transmission speed of nerve impulses

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28
Q

describe the formation of myelin sheaths in the CNS and what does it look like?

A

formed by oligodendrocytes
multiple flat processes that coil around numerous axons
(Stretch Armstrong wrapping its arms and legs around several axons)

29
Q

describe the formation of myelin sheaths in the PNS and what does it look like?

A

formed by Schwann cells
layered Schwann cell plasma membrane incasing the axon
(looks like a Ho Ho cake roll)

30
Q

what is the name of a nerve cell membrane?

A

neurolemma

31
Q

what is the name for a nerve cell body?

A

somma

32
Q

what is the function that the somma and dendrites share?

A

receive and integrates info from other cells, carry it along to the axon

33
Q

where is AP generated within a nerve cell?

A

axon

34
Q

what makes the trigger zone important?

A

the site of formation of AP in a nerve cell

35
Q

difference between nucleus and ganglion

A

nucleus - bundle of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

ganglion - bundle of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

36
Q

difference between tract and nerve?

A

tract - bundle of axons in the CNS

nerve - bundle of axons in the PNS

37
Q

besides neurons, what types of cells can be found in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells, endymal cells

38
Q

besides neurons what kind of cells can be found in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

39
Q

what do oligodendrocytes in the CNS help do?

A

provide myelin sheath for the axons of neurons in the CNS

40
Q

what do astrocytes help do?

A

helper cells; provide nourishment by anchoring neurons to their nutrient supply lines; contribute to blood-brain barrier

41
Q

what is the function of microglial cells?

A

tiny phagocytic cells; pick up any bacteria/debris/toxins that astrocytes did not block; respond to injuries

42
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells?

A

line cavities of the CNS such as ventricles of brain and spinal canal; have cilia projections that help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

43
Q

function of schwann cells in the PNS?

A

form the myelin sheath of axons within the PNS; also surround unmyelinated axons

44
Q

what is the function of satellite cells found in PNS

A

similar function to astrocytes; supports ganglia; offers nutritional support of cell bodies

45
Q

Describe the structure, location, and function of a multipolar neuron

A

multiple dendrites and single axon
CNS and PNS
interneuron or motor (efferent) neuron

46
Q

Describe the structure, location, and function of a unipolar neuron

A

single short process that divides into two, a sensory receptor and one that enters the CNS
found in PNS
functions as sensory (afferent) neuron

47
Q

Describe the structure, location, and function of a bipolar neuron

A

single dendrite and single axon
found in special sense organs such as retina and olfactory mucosa
functions as sensory (afferent) neuron

48
Q

Describe synaptic transmission within the neurons (lengthy answer)

A

Action potential flows down presynaptic terminal and opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium is released within presynaptic terminal. This triggers neurotransmitters to release by exocytosis. It then binds to ligand-gated Sodium channels which open to allow sodium into postsynaptic terminal. This causes depolarization once a threshold is met of -55mV and the formation of action potential.

49
Q

Describe the concentration gradient and permeability of Na+ (sodium) and K+ (potassium)

A

Na+ (sodium), along with calcium, is more concentrated outside of the cell (extracellular), so its concentrated gradient wants to flow inside of the cell
K+ (potassium) is more concentrated inside of the cell (intracellular), so its concentrated gradient wants to flow outside of the cell
Potassium has a greater permeability in reference to the membrane of the cell

50
Q

Describe why the inside of the cell body is more negatively charged at rest as opposed to the outside being more positively charged

A

Anionic proteins, which are negatively charged, can be found within the cell. Also, due to Potassium having a greater permeability. Because potassium is leaving the cell at a faster rate than sodium is entering (both positive) this causes there to be a generally negative charge within the cell

51
Q

what stabilizes the Na and K levels?

A

sodium-potassium pump which uses ATPase to pump each each ion against its concentration gradient

52
Q

Which event most directly explains the polarity of the resting membrane potential of an unstimulated neuron plasma membrane?

A

Leakage of K+ out of the neuron – K+ (greater permeability) diffusing out of the cell through leakage channels causes the cell to become more negative inside

53
Q

at resting membrane potential, what is more negative and positive, what is the negative charge exactly at rest?

A

inside it more negative, outside is more positive

-70mV at rest

54
Q

what are graded potentials?

A

depolarization and hyperpolarization

55
Q

describe depolarization and what allows it to occur

A

membrane becomes less negative than resting potential

occurs when gated Na+ channels open. It creates a more positive charge within the cell

56
Q

describe hyperpolarization and when does it occur?

A

membrane becomes more negative than resting potential
occurs when influx of K+ leaves the cell. The anionic proteins within the cell and the influx of K+ leaving creates a more negative charge within the cell membrane

57
Q

what is the voltage threshold that allows for AP to form?

A

-55 mV

58
Q

How does depolarization occur to produce AP?

A

neurons want to reach a voltage of more than -55mV in order to produce an AP
Spatial or temporal summation can occur in order to reach that threshold by pumping Sodium into the postsynaptic terminal.
Once enough sodium (positive ions) is met, voltage-gated Na+ open and allows for depolarization and formation of AP

59
Q

how does repolarization occur?

A

Na+ channels close, and voltage-gated K+ channels open

60
Q

why does hyperpolarization occur?

A

because K+ influxes out of the cell, and the anionic proteins remain inside, it causes a greater negative charge than it began with

61
Q

how does the cell membrane reach resting potential again?

A

Na-K pump uses ATP to force each ion against their concentration gradient to reach equilibrium

62
Q

what occurs during absolute refractory period and can another AP be produced?

A

depolarization occurs and repolarization occurs

no further AP can occur

63
Q

what occurs during relative refractory period?

A

hyperpolarization occurs and redistribution of Na and K begins to occur
AP can occur only with a stronger stimulus

64
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A

skipping of AP along the nodes of Ranvier of an axon

65
Q

describe what part of the neuron is a presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

A

pre - axon of a neuron

post - dendrites or cell body of a neuron

66
Q

what is considered excitatory?

A

depolarization (moves membrane potential towards threshold

67
Q

what is considered inhibitory?

A

hyperpolarization (moves membrane potential away from threshold)

68
Q

describe difference between temporal and spatial summation

A

temporal (time) - one neuron releases its stimulus in quick succession
spatial (space/number) numerous presynaptic neurons influence postsynaptic neuron

Tracey's Lecture Notes (14 decks)

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