Chapter 14 Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

what are the two nicknames for the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 1

Parasympathetic - rest and digest (para is passive)

sympathetic - fight or flight

Question 2

what occurs during parasympathetic division?

Answer 2

slows HR/BP
constricts pupils
stimulates GI activity

Question 3

what occurs during sympathetic division?

Answer 3

increase HR/BP
dilates pupils
constricts blood vessels
increases diameter of airways
decreases GI activity

Question 4

what are the four cranial nerves highly utilized within the parasympathetic division?

Answer 4

Oculomotor Nerve III
Facial Nerve VII
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
Vagus Nerve X

Question 5

which division are the preganglionic neurons long and which are the postganglionic long?

Answer 5

sympathetic has short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons

parasympathetic has long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons

the reason for this is because impulses need to leave the spinal cord quicker when happening within fight or flight

Question 6

what vertebrae is responsible for the nerves involved with the sympathetic nervous system? Also called the what region?

Answer 6

T1 - L2

Thoracolumbar

Question 7

what locations along the spinal cord does parasympathetic nerves go along? what is another name for this region?

Answer 7

brainstem and sacral spine (cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 and sacral nerves 2-4)
craniosacral region

Question 8

what does cholinergic vs adrenergic refer to?

Answer 8

Cholinergic refers to a ganglionic neuron that involves Acetocholine

Adrenergic refers to a ganglionic neuron that involves Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 9

what does nicotinic cholinergic receptors refer to?

Answer 9

the receptors found on postganglionic cell bodies that receives Acetocholine

Question 10

what does muscarinic cholinergic receptors refer to?

Answer 10

the receptors found on target organs within either division that receives Acetocholine (think of muscarinic as being an effected MUSCLE or gland)

Question 11

where are adrenergic receptors found and what do they receive?

Answer 11

receive Norepinephrine or epinephrine

will be found on sympathetic effecting organs

Question 12

where can you find the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

Answer 12

lateral gray horn of spinal cord

Question 13

what is found within the chain ganglia and what other structures can be found stemming from it?

Answer 13

cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
white rami commicans
grey rami commicans

Question 14

what would you find within the white and gray rami commicans?

Answer 14

white - myelinated axons of preganglionic neurons

gray - unmyelinated axons of postganglionic neurons

Question 15

describe the two pathways within the Sympathetic NS where ganglions first synapse within the sympathetic chain ganglia and end up at effector organ?

Answer 15

via spinal nerves by entering white ramus, synapse in SCG, exit gray ramus, exit ventral ramus till reaches target organ

via sympathetic nerves by entering white ramus, synapse in SCG, exiting via sympathetic nerves till reaches target organ

Question 16

describe the two pathways within the Sympathetic NS where ganglions do NOT first synapse within the sympathetic chain ganglia to end up at effector organ?

Answer 16

via splanchnic nerves by entering white ramus, passing through SCG, entering splanchnic nerves where it then synapses in the chain ganglia, then travels to target organ

to adrenal glands by entering white ramus, passing through SCG to directly synapse with adrenal gland

Question 17

what makes the nerve a splanchnic nerve?

Answer 17

if it does not synapse within the sympathetic chain ganglia

can synapse in a lower or higher CG ….OR directly innervate the adrenal gland

Question 18

what kind of receptors would the adrenal medulla have?

Answer 18

nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Question 19

what kind of receptors would the postganglionic cell body have of the parasympathetic and sympathetic division?

Answer 19

nicotinic cholinergic receptor

Question 20

is a nicotinic receptor inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 20

ALWAYS excitatory

Question 21

NE binding to a1 receptors would cause what?

Answer 21

excitatory response of effector organ

Question 22

NE binding to B1 receptor would cause what?

Answer 22

excitation of heart rate and cardiac contraction

Question 23

NE binding to B2 receptor would cause what?

Answer 23

inhibition via relaxation of arteriole or bronchiolar smooth muscles (dilation of these)

Question 24

sympathetic postganglionic axons can distribut Norepinephrine to which Alpha or Beta receptors?

Answer 24

alpha receptors

beta1 receptors

Question 25

adrenal medulla can distribute what hormone by use of blood stream to which Alpha or Beta receptors?

Answer 25

norepinephrine and epinephrine

all receptors

Question 26

what kind of neurotransmitter can bind to each receptor?

Answer 26

alpha receptors can bind to both neurotransmitters but has a greater affinity for NE
Beta1 receptors can bind to NE and Epinephrine
Beta2 receptors can only bind to Epinephrine

Question 27

what structure within the brain is mostly responsible for integration of ANS functions?

Answer 27

hypothalamus

Question 28

what system is responsible for emotional expression and personality?

Answer 28

limbic system

Question 29

what is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

Answer 29

autonomic output; mainly with cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive activity

Question 30

how does the limbic system, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata work together?

Answer 30

cerebral cortex in frontal lobe communicates with limbic system(such as fear of an attack), which communicates with hypothalamus, the hypothalamus integrates this information signaling SNS to fight-or-flight by having medulla oblongata to direct that output of actions

Question 31

what are the neurotransmitters released within the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 31

1. lightly myelinated preganglionic axons transmits Acetocholine, and then Norepinephrine by the nonmyelinated postganglionic axon to the effecting organ
2. lightly myelinated preganglionic axons with Acetocholine to the adrenal gland. adrenal medulla acts as the postganglionic axon by secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine directly to the blood stream

Question 32

what are the neurotransmitters released within the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 32

lightly myelinated preganglionic axon secreting Acetocholine to the nonmyelinated postganglionic axon which also secretes Acetocholine to the effecting organs

Question 33

what are the neurotransmitters released within the somatic nervous system?

Answer 33

one heavily myelinated axon transmits Acetocholine to effecting skeletal muscle

Question 34

what organs does the sacral region of the parasympathetic division innervate?

Answer 34

genitalia, bladder and ureters

Question 35

where will the cell body of the preganglionic neuron be located in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 35

lateral horn of spinal cord

Question 36

what are the three locations synapses can occur between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system?

Answer 36

synapse at the same trunk ganglion (same level)

synapse at a higher or lower level

synapse in a distant collateral ganglion located anterior to the vertebral column

Question 37

what are collateral ganglia?

Answer 37

ganglia located anterior to the spinal column

Question 38

what is the difference between white and gray ramus? what can be found in each?

Answer 38

white: lightly myelinated axons of sympathetic division going into the chain ganglia
gray: unmyelinated axons of sympathetic division leaving the sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 39

explain the differences between somatic and visceral (autonomic) reflexes

Answer 39

both have a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron and effector organ

the main difference is that visceral reflexes have two motor neurons made up of a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron