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Tracey's Lecture Notes > Chapter 12 The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 12 The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, and sensory nerves

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2
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A

carries out integration
interprets sensations
initiates/coordinates motor functions
regulates viscera

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3
Q

what is the nervous system responsible for?

A

memory, perception, reasoning/ discrimination and personality

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4
Q

Name the major regions of the brain and be able to identify their locations and what they consist of

A

cerebrum: superior most portion; consists of right and left hemisphere
cerebellum: inferior, posterior portion
diencephalon: centermost; consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
brain stem: inferior most portion consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

name the ventricles of the brain

A

lateral ventricles - located in both hemisphere of cerebrum
third ventricle - within diencephalon
fourth ventricle - within midbrain

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6
Q

what is the corpus collosum and what does it help to do?

A

serves to connect both halves of the cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum

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7
Q

what two features make up the contours of the brain?

A

gyri (ridges)

sulci/fissures (grooves)

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8
Q

where can grey and white matter be found in brain

A

grey - cortex of brain (outer)

white - medulla (inner)

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9
Q

what are the lobes of the brain and where are they found?

A 
frontal (front half)
parietal (top middle section)
occipital (back portion)
temporal (by our ears)
insula (found deep to temporal)
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10
Q

name the fissures and where they can be found

A 
central sulcus (divides frontal from parietal lobes)
lateral fissure (divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal)
transverse fissure (divides cerebrum from cerebellum) 
longitudinal fissure (divides right and left hemisphere)
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11
Q

what is another name for primary motor cortex?

A

precentral gyrus

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12
Q

what is another name for primary somatic sensory cortex?

A

postcentral gyrus

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13
Q

what is the precentral and postcentral referring to being centered around? anterior and posterior to what?

A

centered around central sulcus
precentral (motor map) is anterior
postcentral (sensory map) is posterior

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14
Q

explain lateralization of cortical function (left and right hemisphere)

A

left hemisphere - controls logic, math, and logic (90% are left side dominant)
right hemisphere - visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

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15
Q

describe the location and explain the subdivision of the diencephalon

A

between cerebrum and brainstem
thalamus - gateway for sensory impulses (not smell)
hypothalamus - homeostatic control; links neuro/endo systems

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16
Q

what are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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17
Q

what is the function of the midbrain

A

maintain posture
superior colliculus - visual reflexes
inferior colliculus - hearing pathways

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18
Q

what is the function of pons?

A

relays sensory impulses to thalamus

controls rhythm of breathing

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19
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

vital reflex center for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor (smooth muscle within blood vessel)
nonvital reflex such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

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20
Q

what structure has peduncles that allow for the attachment from brain stem to cerebellum?

A

pons

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21
Q

what are the hemispheres of the cerebellum connected by?

A

vermis

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22
Q

what is the white matter within the cerebellum called?

A

arbor vitae or cerebellar medulla

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23
Q

what is the cerebellum mostly associated with?

A

integrates information regarding movement

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24
Q

name the meninges of the brain

A 
dura mater (outer) 
arachnoid mater (middle - slightly attached to dura mater)
pia mater (inner - attaches directly to brain)
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25
Q

describe how meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier protect the CNS

A

meninges: shock absorber/ keep brain from moving with skull
cerebrospinal fluid: shock absorber/ makes brain lighter
blood-brain barrier: keeps toxins from exiting blood supply and infiltrating brain

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26
Q

what/where produces cerebrospinal fluid?

A

choroid plexus (tissue found within ventricles)

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27
Q

describe the circulatory path of cerebrospinal fluid

A

produced by choroid plexus, fills into ventricles, exits into subarachnoid space through apertures in fourth ventricle.
Excess is absorbed by arachnoid granulation and is taken and returned to the venous blood through venous sinuses

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28
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

conduit for nerve impulses and center for spinal reflexes

29
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

foramen magnum

L1/L2 of spinal column at the conus medullaris

30
Q

the section of spinal nerves that extend past the conus medullaris (end of spinal cord) is called the…?

A

cauda equina

31
Q

what are the three layers of the spinal cord?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

32
Q

where is the gray matter and white matter located within the spinal cord?

A

gray matter is the centermost part

white matter surrounds the gray matter

33
Q

what is the tissue called that surrounds the spinal nerve?

A

epineurium

34
Q

what is the ligament that attaches the spinal cord to the vertebrae?

A

denticulate ligament

35
Q

which of the ventral/dorsal root will have a ganglion?

A

dorsal root

36
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid located within the spinal cord?

A

within the subarachnoid space

37
Q

what is the term for the connections between the hemispheres of the white matter and the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

gray commissures

white commissures

38
Q

what are four features of the spinal cord that help determine its orientation?

A

posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
ganglion on the dorsal root
anterior horn of gray matter is wider than the thinner posterior horn of the gray matter

39
Q

where are most myelinated nerve fibers located?

A

within white matter

40
Q

what are the three columns of the white matter called and where are they located?

A

dorsal (back) column
ventral (front) column
lateral (side) column

41
Q

what columns of the white matter would sensory impulses be found? what direction do the impulses go and where do they end up?

A

dorsal and lateral columns

go up from spinal cord to postcentral gyrus (ascending)

42
Q

what columns of the white matter would motor impulses be found? what direction do the impulses go and where do they come from?

A

ventral and lateral

come down from precentral gyrus (descending)

43
Q

the spinocerebellar tract is a _______ tract and would come from _____?

A

ascending tract

spinal cord

44
Q

the corticospinal tract is a _______ tract and would go to _____?

A

descending tract

spinal cord

45
Q

where are cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibers located within the spinal cord?

A

gray matter

46
Q

what are the three projections of the gray matter called and their placement?

A 
anterior horn (anterior wide horns)
posterior horn (posterior thin horn)
lateral horn (lateral sides - tiny)
47
Q

where are interneurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons found in terms of the spinal cord?

A 
interneurons (inside gray matter) 
sensory neurons (dorsal root)
motor neurons (ventral root - consists of autonomic and somatic)
48
Q

what can be found in the posterior horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

terminal portions of sensory axons (central processes)

49
Q

what can be found in the anterior horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

somatic motor cell bodies

interneurons

50
Q

what can be found in the lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

autonomic motor cell bodies

51
Q

what is found in the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion

A

dorsal root - sensory axons

dorsal root ganglion - sensory nerve cell bodies

52
Q

what is found in the ventral root?

A

autonomic and somatic sensory axons

53
Q

are spinal nerves apart of the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

54
Q

how many spinal nerves are there and where do they exit the spinal cord from?

A

31

intervertebral foramina

55
Q

what is a ramus?

A

when dorsal and ventral roots merge through the vertebral foramina, they gather together and then spilt again to form a dorsal and ventral ramus

56
Q

explain the difference between dorsal/ventral root, spinal nerve, and dorsal/ventral ramus

A

dorsal/ventral root occurs directly after the spinal cord
spinal nerve is the gathering of the dorsal/ventral root through the intervertebral foramina
dorsal/ventral rami is the division of the spinal nerve after the vertebrae

57
Q

what is the dorsal, ventral, and communicating rami responsible for?

A

dorsal - muscles and skin on back
ventral - (largest) nerves on side and front of body
communicating - autonomic NS

58
Q

what is a nerve plexus and what advantage does it allow for?

A

interlacing nerve networks of various rami

The advantage of this is that damage to one spinal segment or root cannot completely paralyze any limb

59
Q

what are the three major plexuses called and what are they generally responsible for?

A

cervical plexus - neck and diaphragm
brachial plexus - pectoral girdle and upper extremity
lumbosacral plexus - pelvic girdle and lower extremity

60
Q

because the thoracic spinal nerves do not form a plexus, what instead does the ventral rami form?

A

intercostal nerves

61
Q

What does 1-5 reference?

A 
1 - spinal roots
2 - spinal nerve
3 - ventral ramus
4 - plexus
5 - peripheral nerves
62
Q

what are reflexes?

A

automated responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought

63
Q

what two functions do they influence over effector organs?

A

either inhibit or excite effector organs

64
Q

what are 5 components to a reflex arc?

A 
receptor
sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
effector muscle or gland
65
Q

which reflex is monosynaptic, what does that mean?

A

knee jerk reflex

1 synapse -does not include interneuron

66
Q

describe the action of a knee jerk relex

A

stretching of the tendon in the knee pulls on the muscle of the quadriceps
stretching excites sensory neuron in muscle
sends signal to cell body of motor neuron in spinal cord
this motor neuron is excited to contract quadriceps and extend knee

67
Q

describe the withdrawal reflex

A

stimuli to pain receptor in foot sends signal in dendrites of sensory neuron
travels to interneuron in gray matter of spinal cord
interneuron sends signal for hamstring to flex

68
Q

describe how reciprocal innervation works with withdrawal reflex

A

reciprocal innervation allow for the inhibition of an antagonistic muscle to the one the withdrawal reflex is exciting

69
Q

describe how withdrawal reflex and crossed extensor reflex work together when stepping on a nail

A

Tracey's Lecture Notes (14 decks)

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