Chapter 12 The Brain Flashcards by Rey Rodriguez

what makes up the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, and sensory nerves

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what are the functions of the nervous system?

carries out integration
interprets sensations
initiates/coordinates motor functions
regulates viscera

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what is the nervous system responsible for?

memory, perception, reasoning/ discrimination and personality

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Name the major regions of the brain and be able to identify their locations and what they consist of

cerebrum: superior most portion; consists of right and left hemisphere
cerebellum: inferior, posterior portion
diencephalon: centermost; consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
brain stem: inferior most portion consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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name the ventricles of the brain

lateral ventricles - located in both hemisphere of cerebrum
third ventricle - within diencephalon
fourth ventricle - within midbrain

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what is the corpus collosum and what does it help to do?

serves to connect both halves of the cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum

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what two features make up the contours of the brain?

gyri (ridges)

sulci/fissures (grooves)

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where can grey and white matter be found in brain

grey - cortex of brain (outer)

white - medulla (inner)

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what are the lobes of the brain and where are they found?

frontal (front half)
parietal (top middle section)
occipital (back portion)
temporal (by our ears)
insula (found deep to temporal)

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name the fissures and where they can be found

central sulcus (divides frontal from parietal lobes)
lateral fissure (divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal)
transverse fissure (divides cerebrum from cerebellum) 
longitudinal fissure (divides right and left hemisphere)

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what is another name for primary motor cortex?

precentral gyrus

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what is another name for primary somatic sensory cortex?

postcentral gyrus

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what is the precentral and postcentral referring to being centered around? anterior and posterior to what?

centered around central sulcus
precentral (motor map) is anterior
postcentral (sensory map) is posterior

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explain lateralization of cortical function (left and right hemisphere)

left hemisphere - controls logic, math, and logic (90% are left side dominant)
right hemisphere - visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

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describe the location and explain the subdivision of the diencephalon

between cerebrum and brainstem
thalamus - gateway for sensory impulses (not smell)
hypothalamus - homeostatic control; links neuro/endo systems

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what are the three regions of the brain stem?

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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what is the function of the midbrain

maintain posture
superior colliculus - visual reflexes
inferior colliculus - hearing pathways

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what is the function of pons?

relays sensory impulses to thalamus

controls rhythm of breathing

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what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

vital reflex center for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor (smooth muscle within blood vessel)
nonvital reflex such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

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what structure has peduncles that allow for the attachment from brain stem to cerebellum?

pons

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what are the hemispheres of the cerebellum connected by?

vermis

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what is the white matter within the cerebellum called?

arbor vitae or cerebellar medulla

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what is the cerebellum mostly associated with?

integrates information regarding movement

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name the meninges of the brain

dura mater (outer) 
arachnoid mater (middle - slightly attached to dura mater)
pia mater (inner - attaches directly to brain)

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describe how meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier protect the CNS

meninges: shock absorber/ keep brain from moving with skull cerebrospinal fluid: shock absorber/ makes brain lighter blood-brain barrier: keeps toxins from exiting blood supply and infiltrating brain

what/where produces cerebrospinal fluid?

choroid plexus (tissue found within ventricles)

describe the circulatory path of cerebrospinal fluid

produced by choroid plexus, fills into ventricles, exits into subarachnoid space through apertures in fourth ventricle. Excess is absorbed by arachnoid granulation and is taken and returned to the venous blood through venous sinuses

what is the function of the spinal cord?

conduit for nerve impulses and center for spinal reflexes

where does the spinal cord begin and end?

foramen magnum | L1/L2 of spinal column at the conus medullaris

the section of spinal nerves that extend past the conus medullaris (end of spinal cord) is called the...?

cauda equina

what are the three layers of the spinal cord?

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

where is the gray matter and white matter located within the spinal cord?

gray matter is the centermost part | white matter surrounds the gray matter

what is the tissue called that surrounds the spinal nerve?

epineurium

what is the ligament that attaches the spinal cord to the vertebrae?

denticulate ligament

which of the ventral/dorsal root will have a ganglion?

dorsal root

where is the cerebrospinal fluid located within the spinal cord?

within the subarachnoid space

what is the term for the connections between the hemispheres of the white matter and the gray matter in the spinal cord?

gray commissures | white commissures

what are four features of the spinal cord that help determine its orientation?

posterior median sulcus anterior median fissure ganglion on the dorsal root anterior horn of gray matter is wider than the thinner posterior horn of the gray matter

where are most myelinated nerve fibers located?

within white matter

what are the three columns of the white matter called and where are they located?

dorsal (back) column ventral (front) column lateral (side) column

what columns of the white matter would sensory impulses be found? what direction do the impulses go and where do they end up?

dorsal and lateral columns | go up from spinal cord to postcentral gyrus (ascending)

what columns of the white matter would motor impulses be found? what direction do the impulses go and where do they come from?

ventral and lateral | come down from precentral gyrus (descending)

the spinocerebellar tract is a _______ tract and would come from _____?

ascending tract | spinal cord

the corticospinal tract is a _______ tract and would go to _____?

descending tract | spinal cord

where are cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibers located within the spinal cord?

gray matter

what are the three projections of the gray matter called and their placement?

``` anterior horn (anterior wide horns) posterior horn (posterior thin horn) lateral horn (lateral sides - tiny) ```

where are interneurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons found in terms of the spinal cord?

``` interneurons (inside gray matter) sensory neurons (dorsal root) motor neurons (ventral root - consists of autonomic and somatic) ```

what can be found in the posterior horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

terminal portions of sensory axons (central processes)

what can be found in the anterior horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

somatic motor cell bodies | interneurons

what can be found in the lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

autonomic motor cell bodies

what is found in the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion

dorsal root - sensory axons | dorsal root ganglion - sensory nerve cell bodies

what is found in the ventral root?

autonomic and somatic sensory axons

are spinal nerves apart of the CNS or PNS?

PNS

how many spinal nerves are there and where do they exit the spinal cord from?

31 | intervertebral foramina

what is a ramus?

when dorsal and ventral roots merge through the vertebral foramina, they gather together and then spilt again to form a dorsal and ventral ramus

explain the difference between dorsal/ventral root, spinal nerve, and dorsal/ventral ramus

dorsal/ventral root occurs directly after the spinal cord spinal nerve is the gathering of the dorsal/ventral root through the intervertebral foramina dorsal/ventral rami is the division of the spinal nerve after the vertebrae

what is the dorsal, ventral, and communicating rami responsible for?

dorsal - muscles and skin on back ventral - (largest) nerves on side and front of body communicating - autonomic NS

what is a nerve plexus and what advantage does it allow for?

interlacing nerve networks of various rami | The advantage of this is that damage to one spinal segment or root cannot completely paralyze any limb

what are the three major plexuses called and what are they generally responsible for?

cervical plexus - neck and diaphragm brachial plexus - pectoral girdle and upper extremity lumbosacral plexus - pelvic girdle and lower extremity

because the thoracic spinal nerves do not form a plexus, what instead does the ventral rami form?

intercostal nerves

What does 1-5 reference?

``` 1 - spinal roots 2 - spinal nerve 3 - ventral ramus 4 - plexus 5 - peripheral nerves ```

what are reflexes?

automated responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought

what two functions do they influence over effector organs?

either inhibit or excite effector organs

what are 5 components to a reflex arc?

``` receptor sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron effector muscle or gland ```

which reflex is monosynaptic, what does that mean?

knee jerk reflex | 1 synapse -does not include interneuron

describe the action of a knee jerk relex

stretching of the tendon in the knee pulls on the muscle of the quadriceps stretching excites sensory neuron in muscle sends signal to cell body of motor neuron in spinal cord this motor neuron is excited to contract quadriceps and extend knee

describe the withdrawal reflex

stimuli to pain receptor in foot sends signal in dendrites of sensory neuron travels to interneuron in gray matter of spinal cord interneuron sends signal for hamstring to flex

describe how reciprocal innervation works with withdrawal reflex

reciprocal innervation allow for the inhibition of an antagonistic muscle to the one the withdrawal reflex is exciting

describe how withdrawal reflex and crossed extensor reflex work together when stepping on a nail