Chapter 6: Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates

Question 1

Arboreal Adaptation

Answer 1

traits enabling organisms to live in trees (mammals).

Question 2

Dietary Plasticity

Answer 2

flexible diet adapting to different habitats, very adaptable, eat all kinds of food sources

Question 3

Parental Investment

Answer 3

parents expend a lot of time and energy on their offspring

Question 4

Sir Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark

Answer 4

1895-1971, defined the 3 characteristics of primates

Question 5

Opposable thumb

Answer 5

thumb can meet finger tips

Question 6

Power Grip

Answer 6

fishlike grip with thumbs and fingers wrapping around an object in opposite directions

Question 7

Precision Grip

Answer 7

precise grappling between thumb and fingers

Question 8

Pre-adaptation of Spine

Answer 8

Allows bipedalism

Question 9

Dermal Ridges

Answer 9

very sensitive and tactile parts of finger like finger prints, allowing traction

Question 10

postorbital closure

Answer 10

enables converged depth of filed vision

Question 11

Diurnal and color vision

Answer 11

play hand in hand for primates who work during the day and are able to detect toxic and ripe food/fruit

Question 12

Rhinarium

Answer 12

external wet nose

Question 13

Dental Formula and Types

Answer 13

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars, order by #.#.#.# with each number corresponding to amount of those type of teeth

Question 14

Loph

Answer 14

enamel ridge connecting cusps on tooth

Question 15

Bilophodont

Answer 15

2 ridges in lower molars in OW monkeys

Question 16

Y-5

Answer 16

pattern of lower molar cusps

Question 17

Tooth comb

Answer 17

forward leaning anterior incisors/canines, specialized for grooming and bark diet in strepsirrhines (lemurs)

Question 18

Canine molar honing complex

Answer 18

upper canine sharpened against 3rd premolar, present in OW monkeys and apes, absent in humans

Question 19

Diastema

Answer 19

space between lower canine and lower 3rd molar, accommodates upper canine (absent in humans)

Question 20

Sectorial Premolar

Answer 20

lower 3rd premolars single dominant cusp with sharp cutting edge (sectorial), more pronounced in males (competition)

Question 21

Phylogenic/cladistic: Clade

Answer 21

branch of group of organisms with common ancestors (nested hierarchy of evolutionary relationships)

Question 22

Traditional/Gradistic: Grade

Answer 22

group sthought to share same levels of complexity and evolution

Question 23

Derived characteristics

Answer 23

present only in a few or one species, implying derivation, limited within a particular clade, more distal in a tree

Question 24

Primitive/ ancestral characteristics

Answer 24

found across multiple species of a group, indication ancestrality- more basal in a tree

Question 25

Strepsirhires

Answer 25

(lemurs and lorises, galagos) curved nose,enlarged nasal passages (wet) rhinarium, scent glands, large olfactory lobe, and a combination of nails and claws, smaller brains for body mass

Question 26

Haplorhines

Answer 26

(dry, tarsiers, NW monkeys, anthropoids, OW moneys, apes and humans) larger brains per body mass, fewer premolars, enclosed eye sockets.

Question 27

4 Major Hominids

Answer 27

Homo sapiens, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangutang

Question 28

Paracentric Inversion

Answer 28

a shared derived rearrangement of a chromosome, which is flipped, not including the centromere/

Question 29

Pericentric Inversion

Answer 29

chromosomal inversion where centromere is included

Question 30

Chromosome fusion

Answer 30

chromosomes fuse to create a larger chromosome

Question 31

Platyrrhines

Answer 31

broad nosed New World Primates (also called ceboids) include the Cebidae (long tailed) and Atelidae (howler, spider and woolly monkey)
2.1.2.3 dental formula, extra premolar
prehensile tails for suspensory locomotion

Question 32

Cercopithecoids

Answer 32

Colobines, Cercopithecines, Hominoids

Question 33

Colobines

Answer 33

Colobus, gray langurs, probuscus

Arboreal and leaf eating (extra stomach)

Question 34

Cercopithecines

Answer 34

Mandrills (colorful face) De Brazza’s monkeys, olive baboons, velvets
mixed habitat, arboreal and terrestrial, more fruit in diet, provide model for behavior of earlier hominids

Question 35

Hominoids

Answer 35

True Apes and Humans
tailless, large-bodied, large brain, broad faced, 2.1.2.3 dentition, Y-5, chimps, bonobos, orangutang, siaman, gorilla, gibbon

Question 36

What is causing primate extinction?

Answer 36

Habitat Loss, Deforestation, War/capital based habitat destruction, hunting, climate changing

Question 37

Miss W’s Red Colobus subspecies

Answer 37

first primate to go extinct in last 5 centuries

Question 38

Hominoid Characteristics

Answer 38

Sagittal Crest, Y-5 pattern, canine-honing, chewing muscles anchored to sagittal crest, vegetarian gorilla and omnivorous humans

Question 39

Suspensory locomotion/postures

Answer 39

arm hanging motion to long arms/fingers

Question 40

Orthograde

Answer 40

upright posture following from arm-hanging

Question 41

Brachiation

Answer 41

swinging from tree limbs to tree limbs by arm, organisms that do this are brachiators

Question 42

Knuckle Walking

Answer 42

step before bipedalism, larger males spend more time on ground, quadrupedal locomotion