Chapter 13: Our last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology Flashcards
Modern Human Migration Patterns
From Africa to Middle East
Expand East into Asia
Into Australia and Europe
Northern Asians crossed Bering Strait to New World
Australian and Pacific Migration
During late Pleistocene, the sea levels were 300ft lower than today, more land bridges
Arrived in Australia
Boats still required
Mango Man skeleton found, fairly heavy brows
Kow Swamp Skull more modern
Homo Florensiensis
short, 1 meter
may or may not represent new species
may had undergone island dwarfism
individual with microphaly, brain fails to develop properly
First Americans
Arrived for N Asia through Bering Strait called Paleoindians
Pre-Clovis Culture, large spear points
Clovis complex culture, large fluted, bifacial stone points
Folsom complex culture, large, fluted to tip
Shovel shaped incisors
posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity
Kennewick incisors
more robust and less rounded, than the more gracile modern Indian skulls
Hoyo Negro
oldest known human fossil of New World
teenage girl Naia in Yucatan Peninsula
With agriculture, teeth have
become smaller and weaker because of softer foods
need for braces
Malocclusions
jaw doesn’t close correctly with teeth aligned, creating crooked teeth
Follows Wolf’s Law of bone recession
15,000-11,000 ya
foraging and fire use
plant domestication begins
11,000-6,000 ya
small to large scale farming
plants are well domesticated
6,000-Present
full blown agriculture
plants are domesticated
What age begins with plant and animal domestication
neolithic age (new Stone Age)
Agricultural Diffusion timeline
Southwest Asia Central Mexico South Central Andes North China South China Eastern US Sub-Sharan Africa
Temperate and Tropical plants
Temperate: C3 plants (no carbon 13): Wheat, barley, rye, rice
Tropical: C4 plants (uptakes carbon 13): Corn, millet, sorghum
Can be dated in teeth
Catalhoyuk
one of the earliest cities
body found in fetal position like le Chapelle aux Saints
these early Neolithic humans formed
China and SW Asia
Rice domesticated
Emmer and Einkom Wheat to Greece and Europe
Mexico
Corn/Maize domesticated spread to American Southwest and Atlantic coast
Animal Domestication
dogs, goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs
Neolithic Demographic Transition
high birthrate 2-3 million 300 million by 2000 ya 1 billion by 1850 >7 billion today leads to soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing
The Prisoner Dilemma
Humans cooperate or compete when faced with common challenge
Warriors Tetralemma
Urges fight, flight, posture, or submission
The Peacemakers Dilemma
An iterated positive sum game of choice to cooperate or defect
Pacification Process
non state societies have more war deaths than state societies
Civilization Process
urbanization/civilization increase over time, then homicide rates decrease
Masticatory-Functional Hypothesis
short wide skulls replaced longer, narrower skulls
softer diet, change in skulls, reduction in jaws (more malocclusion)
Race-based Replacement
short-headed “race” invaded and replaced long headed “race”
Effects of leisure time
Modern hunter gatherers have more leisure time, less stress on bones, leads to agriculture, cross sections are more even, rather than stronger in one direction
Osteoarthritis
degenerative changes in joints where bones articulate, involving degeneration of cartilage and pathological growth of bone tissue-mechanical stress from excess physical activity
Overcrowding leads to
decrease in hygiene and increase in diseases
Staphylococcus Aureus Infection
Periosteal reaction, abnormal bone buildup
Treponematosis
abnormal growth on skull
Types of Dental issues
Dental caries (demineralization), cavities, decay Enamel hypoplasias - tooth defects, ameloblasts are disrupted
Porotic Hyperostosis
expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia
Cribera Orbitalia
eye orbit porosity
Iron deficiencies
Heme iron- fish, poultry, red meat
nonheme iron- lentils and beans
New pathogens like
Increase in HIV
