Chapter 13: Our last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Modern Human Migration Patterns

A

From Africa to Middle East
Expand East into Asia
Into Australia and Europe
Northern Asians crossed Bering Strait to New World

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2
Q

Australian and Pacific Migration

A

During late Pleistocene, the sea levels were 300ft lower than today, more land bridges
Arrived in Australia
Boats still required
Mango Man skeleton found, fairly heavy brows
Kow Swamp Skull more modern

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3
Q

Homo Florensiensis

A

short, 1 meter
may or may not represent new species
may had undergone island dwarfism
individual with microphaly, brain fails to develop properly

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4
Q

First Americans

A

Arrived for N Asia through Bering Strait called Paleoindians
Pre-Clovis Culture, large spear points
Clovis complex culture, large fluted, bifacial stone points
Folsom complex culture, large, fluted to tip

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5
Q

Shovel shaped incisors

A

posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity

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6
Q

Kennewick incisors

A

more robust and less rounded, than the more gracile modern Indian skulls

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7
Q

Hoyo Negro

A

oldest known human fossil of New World

teenage girl Naia in Yucatan Peninsula

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8
Q

With agriculture, teeth have

A

become smaller and weaker because of softer foods

need for braces

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9
Q

Malocclusions

A

jaw doesn’t close correctly with teeth aligned, creating crooked teeth
Follows Wolf’s Law of bone recession

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10
Q

15,000-11,000 ya

A

foraging and fire use

plant domestication begins

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11
Q

11,000-6,000 ya

A

small to large scale farming

plants are well domesticated

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12
Q

6,000-Present

A

full blown agriculture

plants are domesticated

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13
Q

What age begins with plant and animal domestication

A

neolithic age (new Stone Age)

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14
Q

Agricultural Diffusion timeline

A
Southwest Asia
Central Mexico
South Central Andes
North China
South China
Eastern US
Sub-Sharan Africa
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15
Q

Temperate and Tropical plants

A

Temperate: C3 plants (no carbon 13): Wheat, barley, rye, rice
Tropical: C4 plants (uptakes carbon 13): Corn, millet, sorghum
Can be dated in teeth

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16
Q

Catalhoyuk

A

one of the earliest cities
body found in fetal position like le Chapelle aux Saints
these early Neolithic humans formed

17
Q

China and SW Asia

A

Rice domesticated

Emmer and Einkom Wheat to Greece and Europe

18
Q

Mexico

A

Corn/Maize domesticated spread to American Southwest and Atlantic coast

19
Q

Animal Domestication

A

dogs, goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs

20
Q

Neolithic Demographic Transition

A
high birthrate
2-3 million
300 million by 2000 ya
1 billion by 1850
>7 billion today
leads to soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing
21
Q

The Prisoner Dilemma

A

Humans cooperate or compete when faced with common challenge

22
Q

Warriors Tetralemma

A

Urges fight, flight, posture, or submission

23
Q

The Peacemakers Dilemma

A

An iterated positive sum game of choice to cooperate or defect

24
Q

Pacification Process

A

non state societies have more war deaths than state societies

25
Civilization Process
urbanization/civilization increase over time, then homicide rates decrease
26
Masticatory-Functional Hypothesis
short wide skulls replaced longer, narrower skulls | softer diet, change in skulls, reduction in jaws (more malocclusion)
27
Race-based Replacement
short-headed "race" invaded and replaced long headed "race"
28
Effects of leisure time
Modern hunter gatherers have more leisure time, less stress on bones, leads to agriculture, cross sections are more even, rather than stronger in one direction
29
Osteoarthritis
degenerative changes in joints where bones articulate, involving degeneration of cartilage and pathological growth of bone tissue-mechanical stress from excess physical activity
30
Overcrowding leads to
decrease in hygiene and increase in diseases
31
Staphylococcus Aureus Infection
Periosteal reaction, abnormal bone buildup
32
Treponematosis
abnormal growth on skull
33
Types of Dental issues
``` Dental caries (demineralization), cavities, decay Enamel hypoplasias - tooth defects, ameloblasts are disrupted ```
34
Porotic Hyperostosis
expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia
35
Cribera Orbitalia
eye orbit porosity
36
Iron deficiencies
Heme iron- fish, poultry, red meat | nonheme iron- lentils and beans
37
New pathogens like
Increase in HIV