Chapter 13: Our last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology

Question 1

Modern Human Migration Patterns

Answer 1

From Africa to Middle East
Expand East into Asia
Into Australia and Europe
Northern Asians crossed Bering Strait to New World

Question 2

Australian and Pacific Migration

Answer 2

During late Pleistocene, the sea levels were 300ft lower than today, more land bridges
Arrived in Australia
Boats still required
Mango Man skeleton found, fairly heavy brows
Kow Swamp Skull more modern

Question 3

Homo Florensiensis

Answer 3

short, 1 meter
may or may not represent new species
may had undergone island dwarfism
individual with microphaly, brain fails to develop properly

Question 4

First Americans

Answer 4

Arrived for N Asia through Bering Strait called Paleoindians
Pre-Clovis Culture, large spear points
Clovis complex culture, large fluted, bifacial stone points
Folsom complex culture, large, fluted to tip

Question 5

Shovel shaped incisors

Answer 5

posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity

Question 6

Kennewick incisors

Answer 6

more robust and less rounded, than the more gracile modern Indian skulls

Question 7

Hoyo Negro

Answer 7

oldest known human fossil of New World

teenage girl Naia in Yucatan Peninsula

Question 8

With agriculture, teeth have

Answer 8

become smaller and weaker because of softer foods

need for braces

Question 9

Malocclusions

Answer 9

jaw doesn’t close correctly with teeth aligned, creating crooked teeth
Follows Wolf’s Law of bone recession

Question 10

15,000-11,000 ya

Answer 10

foraging and fire use

plant domestication begins

Question 11

11,000-6,000 ya

Answer 11

small to large scale farming

plants are well domesticated

Question 12

6,000-Present

Answer 12

full blown agriculture

plants are domesticated

Question 13

What age begins with plant and animal domestication

Answer 13

neolithic age (new Stone Age)

Question 14

Agricultural Diffusion timeline

Answer 14

Southwest Asia
Central Mexico
South Central Andes
North China
South China
Eastern US
Sub-Sharan Africa

Question 15

Temperate and Tropical plants

Answer 15

Temperate: C3 plants (no carbon 13): Wheat, barley, rye, rice
Tropical: C4 plants (uptakes carbon 13): Corn, millet, sorghum
Can be dated in teeth

Question 16

Catalhoyuk

Answer 16

one of the earliest cities
body found in fetal position like le Chapelle aux Saints
these early Neolithic humans formed

Question 17

China and SW Asia

Answer 17

Rice domesticated

Emmer and Einkom Wheat to Greece and Europe

Question 18

Mexico

Answer 18

Corn/Maize domesticated spread to American Southwest and Atlantic coast

Question 19

Animal Domestication

Answer 19

dogs, goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs

Question 20

Neolithic Demographic Transition

Answer 20

high birthrate
2-3 million
300 million by 2000 ya
1 billion by 1850
>7 billion today
leads to soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing

Question 21

The Prisoner Dilemma

Answer 21

Humans cooperate or compete when faced with common challenge

Question 22

Warriors Tetralemma

Answer 22

Urges fight, flight, posture, or submission

Question 23

The Peacemakers Dilemma

Answer 23

An iterated positive sum game of choice to cooperate or defect

Question 24

Pacification Process

Answer 24

non state societies have more war deaths than state societies

Question 25

Civilization Process

Answer 25

urbanization/civilization increase over time, then homicide rates decrease

Question 26

Masticatory-Functional Hypothesis

Answer 26

short wide skulls replaced longer, narrower skulls | softer diet, change in skulls, reduction in jaws (more malocclusion)

Question 27

Race-based Replacement

Answer 27

short-headed "race" invaded and replaced long headed "race"

Question 28

Effects of leisure time

Answer 28

Modern hunter gatherers have more leisure time, less stress on bones, leads to agriculture, cross sections are more even, rather than stronger in one direction

Question 29

Osteoarthritis

Answer 29

degenerative changes in joints where bones articulate, involving degeneration of cartilage and pathological growth of bone tissue-mechanical stress from excess physical activity

Question 30

Overcrowding leads to

Answer 30

decrease in hygiene and increase in diseases

Question 31

Staphylococcus Aureus Infection

Answer 31

Periosteal reaction, abnormal bone buildup

Question 32

Treponematosis

Answer 32

abnormal growth on skull

Question 33

Types of Dental issues

Answer 33

``` Dental caries (demineralization), cavities, decay Enamel hypoplasias - tooth defects, ameloblasts are disrupted ```

Question 34

Porotic Hyperostosis

Answer 34

expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia

Question 35

Cribera Orbitalia

Answer 35

eye orbit porosity

Question 36

Iron deficiencies

Answer 36

Heme iron- fish, poultry, red meat | nonheme iron- lentils and beans

Question 37

New pathogens like

Answer 37

Increase in HIV