Chapter 12: The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People Flashcards
Feldhofer Neadertal
Most important early modern human found During 1800's, published in 1856 as archaic human Rudolf Virchow (anti-darwin) rejected archaic view
Archaic Humans Features
low sloping forehead heavy brow ridge projecting face or chin large teeth wide, large cheek bones more prominent occipital bun
Modern Human Features
High, Vertical forehead less prominent occipital bun small, gracile brow ridges small teeth small flat cheek bones
Out-of-Africa Hypothesis
replacement of populations of archaic homo by modern Homo sapiens with limited interbreeding
Mulitregional continuity hypothesis
ongoing but limited gene flow such that archaic africans to modern africans and Asians to modern asians and archaic europeans to modern europeans with limited replacement
Replacement with genetic assimilation through some
some gene flow with Archaic Homo
Early Homo Sapiens and Modern Human Origins are
globally similar, with similar morphological features and increased cultural complexity
Importance of Shanidar 1
Elderly male with a very large brain, eye injury, arm atrophy, foot with arthritis, heavy wear on front teeth to replace useless area
Moula-Gercy
studied and suggested cannibalism or ritual defleshing
Chapelle-aux-Saints
Neandertal that was not self sufficient and was cared for tremendously and buried carefully and with culture significance
Neandertals cold adaptations
shorter, stalkier, large nasal aperture to warm and moisten air and large infraorbital foramina for increased blood flow to face, reducing risk of hypothermia and frostbite
Levallois Technique
small, marginal flaking to create edges and detaching cutting/scraping tool from core of flint
Mousterian Complex
stone tool culture provided by Neandertals
Middle Paleolithic
Middle Stone Age associated with sophisticated Mousterian tools
Upper Paleolithic
associated with modern Homo sapiens tools
Neandertals were effective
hunters with evidence of effective hunting, not malnourished by observing calculus on teeth
Neandertals have hyoid bones so they can
speak
Handedness in Neandertals
observed by looking at how food entered mouth by looking at scrape directions on teeth
Brain laterality
Opposite hemisphere controls side body motions
L brain hemisphere controls areas associated with speech and language
scratches on teeth show handedness
Symbols
Necklaces of perforated shells, stained with colored pigments
Body pigments/paints (Iberian Peninsula)
Chauvet Cave Art
shows extinct animals
idea of representing motion
stone tools show level of fine skills
Bone injuries are as bad as those of
bull riders
Sites of Earlier humans
Aduma, Bouri, Herto, and Omo, Ethiopia
Klasies River Mouth Cave
very early human jaw bone
Modern Homo sapiens Anatomical features
high forehead, round skull, with reduced face and teeth large cranial capacities chin gracile gracile post cranial skeleton some robusticity
Skhul V shows
Cohabitation of modern Homo sapiens and Neandertals
prominent, robust brow ridges, retains projecting face and flaring zygomatic, less than archaics
Homo Florensiensis
much smaller human, not Sapien, but still Homo
Dolni Vestonice and Cro-Magnon show
combo of Neandertal and H. Sapiens: long narrow skull, prominent occipital buns, narrow nasal, high forehead
Gobero Crania
modern human
skull robusticity not eliminated entirely
diet dependent
Lagar Velho
Neandertal like robusticity in limb bones and some cranial aspects with modern features
4 Scenarios for Neandertal Genetic Admixture
- gene flow into Neandertal from other Archaic hominids collectively referred to as Homo Erectus
- gene flow between late Neandertals and early modern humans in Europe and/or Western Asia
- gene flow between Neandertals and the ancestors of all non-Africans
- old substructure in Africa persisting from the origin of Neandertals until ancestors of non-africans left Africa
Microcephaly
a condition in which the cranium is abnormally small and the brain is underdeveloped.
shovel-shaped incisors
incisors posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity
Paleoindians
the earliest hominin inhabitants with Clovis and Folsom stone cultures
clovis
large, fluted, bifacial stone projectile points used as spear points
folsom
large, fluted, bifacial projectile points used as spear points for big game hunting
