Chapter 11: The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo

Question 1

Eugene Dubois

Answer 1

Dutch physician who thought human kind arose in Asia

Went to Dutch East Indies to Java island

Question 2

What did Eugene Dubois find?

Answer 2

Originally Pithecanthropus Erectus (ape man that walks upright)
Cranium (1000cc), tooth, and Femur (bicondylar)
Sloping forehead, heavy brow ridge
Now represented in our genus as Homo Erectus

Question 3

Australopithecus Habilis

Answer 3

Richard Leakey
Increased use of material stone tool culture (oldowan complex)
Larger brain
Smaller jaws, teeth, and face
Australopithecus-like body and locomotion
Shorter legs and longer arms
More generalized/omnivorous scavenging diet
The “Handy man” because first to associate with tools, but not true.

Question 4

Homo Erectus

Answer 4

First genuine human species
First global human species
1.8MYA--> 300ka
Africa to Asia and Europe
Larger brain
Prominent occipital bun on back of skill
Small back teeth
Low, Long, thick skull with small chewing muscles and larger brow ridges
Long Legs
Increase in body size
Increase in tool use, not first to use fire

Question 5

Nariokotome

Answer 5

1.6 MA
Human limb proportions and modern gait
11 year old with height of 5' 6''
Cranial (900cc) intermediate between Australopithecus Habilis and modern human
Ileret Skull (1.5 Ma
Possible female, more gracile features, reduced brow
Double Arch
Adductal (not separated) toe

Question 6

How is Nariokotome age approximated

Answer 6

based on teeth incremental layers

Also seen that H. Erectus didn’t develop growth spurt

Question 7

Evidence of Ritual Defleshing Importance

Answer 7

Religious thoughts
Cannabilism
Symbolic thoughts
Preservation
Evidence from cuts and scrapes on bones

Question 8

Sagittal Keel

Answer 8

slide ridge on midline cranium suture

Question 9

Zhoukoudian Cave

Answer 9

Peking man
bone and teeth from 40-50 individuals
tools and evidence of fire use
collection lost during WWII

Question 10

Gran Dolina

Answer 10

6 individuals with hundreds of stone tools, butchering

Question 11

Atapuerca 3

Answer 11

child’s skill with modern features, wider nose aperture

Question 12

Au. Habilis to H. Erectus

Answer 12

4 foot to 6 foot
37% increase in height in female, 33% in male, evidence of reduction of sexual dimorphism
Brain increase of 33%

Question 13

Patterns of Evolution

Answer 13

Growth in cranial capacity
Reliance on tools, smaller teeth size
mobility of travel because of fire

Question 14

Homo Naledi

Answer 14

A mini Homo Erectus
Found in Rising Star Cave
Small brain
Occipital Bun
4.5 foot and 88-123 lbs
base of fingers curved
small teeth
high skull vault, thin bones
bipedal

Question 15

Olorgesaile, Kenya

Answer 15

site of tools and animal remains
Advanced stone culture like hand axe
Acheulian Complex, an advance of the Oldowan complex