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Biological Anthropology > Chapter 2: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Transpecific Communication

A

Communication across species, like touch.

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2
Q

How do we know all species are related by common ancestry? Three main questions.

A

How did the theory of evolution come to be?
What was Darwin’s construction to the theory of evolution?
What has happened since Darwin in the development of our understanding of evolution?

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3
Q

Explain Darwin’s Voyage

A

2 year trip on HMS Beagle which lasted 5 years.
Near Cape Horn, near Strait of Magellan.
Had sea sickness the whole trip.
22 years old.
Brought: notebooks, pickling jars, “Principles of Geology”, and a Bible

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4
Q

Theory of Coral Reef Formation

A

Studied the subsidence (sinking) of volcanoes and how “atolls” (circled coral reefs) formed. Published in 1842.

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5
Q

Common Ancestry

A

descent form one ancestral species

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6
Q

Species

A

Group of related organisms in populations able to interbreed and produce fertile (reproduce), viable (live to adulthood) offspring.

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7
Q

Adaptations

A

Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior allowing species to survive and reproduce better in a given environment.

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8
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

One ancestral species has populations branching out in several closely related descendent species adapted to new habitats.

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9
Q

Speciation

A

Evolution of a new species through adaptation of new populations.

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10
Q

Common Views before Darwin

A

Young earth, species divinely created, species immutable, species don’t stay the same.

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11
Q

Emerging Scientific Views

A

Old earth, surface has changed, plants and animals change (go through extinction)

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12
Q

Geology

A

Study of earth

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13
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of fossils

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14
Q

Taxonomy

A

Naming species

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15
Q

Systematics

A

Study of classification and relationships of organisms

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16
Q

Demography

A

Study of populations

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17
Q

Evolutionary Biology

A

Study of organisms and changes over time

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18
Q

James Hutton

A

1726-1797 Modern geology founder, noticed that rocks come in layers over time, Geological Strata, came up with uniformitarianism (understand past things to understand future things, ex rain and erosion)

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19
Q

Charles Lyell

A

1795-1875 Wrote “Principles of Geology” deduced the earth is very old, his age estimates were too young.

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20
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1635-1703 Founder of Paleontology, looked at micro fossils of plants which presented sedimentary layers of rocks, fossil wood was once alive.

21
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

1769-1832 looked at fossils of animals, recognized that animals CAN go extinct (catastrophism), different fossils in different geological strata (faunal succession) Deep rock layers are older than shallower layers.

22
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

1707-1778 came up with latin naming of organisms

23
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

2 names, Genus is first, specific epithet is after like Homo Sapiens

24
Q

3 Major Domains

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya

25
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Looked at Victorian populations and overcrowding (Demography)

26
Q

Darwinian Theory

A

Individuals with variations advantageous for survival and produce more offspring, changing future.

27
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

1744-1829 Came up with idea that certain acquired characteristics are passed down to next generation (wrong) example of giraffe growing its neck

28
Q

Epigenetics

A

How genes are expressed

29
Q

Neo-catastrophism

A

long periods where things don’t change that much (gradual)

30
Q

The major catastrophe

A

Luis Alvarez and Walter Alvarez proposed the asteroid impact at K-T boundary 65MYA in the Yucatán Peninsula.
This site has a layer of clay enriched with iridium.

31
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

1823-1913 discovered natural selection similarly to Darwin and “worked” with Darwin on the publication of “On the Origin of Species (1859)

32
Q

Blending inheritance

A

Inheritance received from mother and father are blended together. Not very true, people become homogeneous (boring)

33
Q

Gemmules

A

The invisible particles that determined the characteristics from inheritance, NOT TRUE

34
Q

Darwin’s Major Points

A

Common ancestry and Adaptation

35
Q

Thomas Henry Haxley

A

Darwin’s bulldog argued in debates defending Darwin’s ideas.

36
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

1822-1884 Priest who worked out the patterns of genetics.

Mendel’s Peas, Punnet Square, Laws of inheritance, no blending inheritance, there are dominant and recessive traits.

37
Q

Factors

A

Mendel’s description for genes today

38
Q

Law of segregation

A

how they pair

39
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

genes assort independent of each other

40
Q

Genotype

A

Pairing of alleles

41
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of characteristics.

42
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

Fruit Fly Work, studied their genetics, eye color, shape, antennas, studied chromosomes and their relationships with the traits

43
Q

Populations Genetics

A

Gene’s frequency, genes vary across population, genes enter new populations

44
Q

Natural Selection

A

Variation, differential survival and reproduction of different levels of genes in populations

45
Q

Mutation

A

new alleles and new forms of genes

46
Q

Gene Flow

A

Alleles population to population

47
Q

Genetic Drift

A

random changes in gene frequencies

48
Q

EVOLUTION

A

Changes in gene allele frequencies over generations in a population.

49
Q

Rosaline Franklin

A

studied first x-ray image of DNA Structure, Watson an Crick took the data and studied traits, chromosomes and DNA

Biological Anthropology (12 decks)

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