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Biological Anthropology > Chapter 4: Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Heritability

A

Proportion of phenotype variation in a population that is due to genetic variation within individuals in the population, rather than variation in the environment conditions experienced by those individuals. Heritability varies from population to population.

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2
Q

Heritability Equation

A

H^2 = genetic variation / (genetic variation + environmental variation)

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3
Q

Fitness

A

average number of offspring from particular genotype, which causes evolutionary genetic change, based on number of children you have.

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4
Q

Deme

A

a local population that interbreeds

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5
Q

Gene Pool

A

all the genetic information in a breeding population

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6
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

any mechanism that prevents two populations from interbreeding, could be caused by geographical distance, life habits, and chromosomal difference

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7
Q

Species

A

groups/populations/lineages of reproductively isolated organisms.

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8
Q

Microevolution

A

allele changes from generation to generation within a species/population

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9
Q

Macroevolution

A

allele/other changes involving speciation (new species development) or larger scale evolution

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10
Q

Equilibrium

A

system is stable, balanced, unchanging-evolution is a departure from equilibrium

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11
Q

Lactase persistence alleles

A

PP-lactase persistent
PR-heterozygous for lactase non-persistance-intermediate enzyme output
RR-homozygous for non-persistance

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12
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Formula

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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13
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium “If” Assumptions

A
  • arbitrarily large population (approaching infinity)
  • random mating
  • all members produce same number of offspring

“Then” genotype frequencies of 1 gene remain the same after 1 generation.

Never happens but species approximate this.

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14
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium “If Not” Assumptions

A

I. Mutation
II. Natural Selection
III. Genetic Drift
IV. Gene flow are taking place

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15
Q

Gene Frequencies

A

look at % of offspring to estimate % of p and q

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16
Q

Point Mutations

A

Mutations in the coding sequence

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17
Q

Synonymous Point Mutation

A

does not change amino acid code

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18
Q

Non-Synonymous Point Mutation

A

amino acids do change

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19
Q

Frameshift Mutations

A

insert or delete nucleotide, the three sets of codons are shifted up one or down one

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20
Q

Transposable Mutations

A

foreign invaders DNA, come from viruses, they insert into codons and throw off reading frame

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21
Q

Spontaneous Mutations

A

1 new mutation per 1000 replications

22
Q

Induced Mutations

A

radiation and chemical mutagens, breaks Hydrogen bonds in DNA molecules, enzymes fix DNA usually incorrectly

23
Q

Silent Mutations

A

a synonymous mutation, no change in amino acids

24
Q

Missense Mutations

A

a non-synonymous mutation, change into another amino acid

can be caused by frameshift

25
Q

Nonsense Mutations

A

change occurs where there is a dead stop, truncates the polypeptide coding Fram, can’t be completed
can be caused by frameshift

26
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

An individual has XXY the genotype of male and female t the same time

27
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy of the 21st chromosome

28
Q

Pleiotropic Mutation

A

when genes change and affect many traits: white cat, blue eyes, deafness, timidity

29
Q

Homeotic Mutation

A

Appearance of a body part in another place than it’s supposed to be: Fruit fly has eye appearance in wrong morphological location

30
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favors one extreme form of a trait

ex. more children produced by people with extreme trait, selection moves that direction

31
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favors the average version of a trait

ex. humans with middle range birth weight have high chance of surviving than those with low and high birth weight

32
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

pattern of variation is discontinuous

ex. very tall, very short people are favored

33
Q

Sickle Cell and Malaria Genotype Distribution

A

AA- Homozygous for normal red blood cells susceptible to malaria
AS- Heterozygous for red blood cells immune to malaria
SS- Homozygous for sickle cell anemia

34
Q

Balanced Polymorphism

A

Selection maintains two or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population

35
Q

Anthropogenic

A

effects caused by humans

36
Q

Thalassemia

A

short lived red blood cells

37
Q

G6PD

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase- lack of enzyme leads to rupturing red blood cells, or hemolytic anemia

38
Q

Effective Population Size

A

Ne- number of organisms in a population contributing offspring to next generation

39
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in populations over generations

40
Q

Exogamous

A

Mating without or outside the group

41
Q

Endogamous

A

Mating within a group

42
Q

Dunkers

A

Religious group that discouraged outside marriage, very endogamous

43
Q

Genetic Bottlenecks

A

A small portion of the population survives some catastrophe (survivors are not genetically representative of the entire population

44
Q

Founder effect

A

a small portion of the population finds a new colony with colonist who are not genetically representative of the entire original population (accumulation of small changes in small, isolated populations)

45
Q

Gene Flow

A

Organisms migrate into new areas, bringing their alleles with them, bringing changes

46
Q

Admixture

A

exchange of genetic material between 2 or more populations

47
Q

Exogamous Gene Flow

A

more gene flow, more genetic variation

48
Q

Endogamous Gene Flow

A

less gene flow, less genetic variation

49
Q

Patrilocal

A

males remain in birthplace; females migrate

50
Q

Matrilocal

A

females remain in birthplace; males migrate

51
Q

Summary: Mutation-, Natural selection-, Genetic Drift-, Gene Flow-,

A

Mutation: rise of new alleles
Natural Selection: selection favors individuals with certain phenotype
Genetic Drift: Small sampling into new population, random fluctuation
Gene Flow: organisms with genes migrate

Biological Anthropology (12 decks)

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