Chapter 6

Question 0

Secondary groups

Answer 0

A group that is relatively large in number and not as intimate or long in duration as a primary group.

Question 1

Total institution

Answer 1

An organization cut off from the rest of society in which individuals are subject to strict social control.

Question 2

Reference groups

Answer 2

Any group used by the individual as a standard for evaluating her or his attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Question 3

Coercive organizations

Answer 3

Organizations for which membership is involuntary; examples are prison and mental hospitals.

Question 4

Group

Answer 4

A collection of individuals who interact and communicate, share goals and norms, and who have a subjective awareness as “we”.

Question 5

Mcdonaldization

Answer 5

The increasing and ubiquitous presence of the fast-food model in vast numbers of organizations.

Question 6

Group size effect

Answer 6

The effect upon the person of groups of varying sizes.

Question 7

Normative organizations

Answer 7

An organization having a voluntary membership and that pursues goals; examples are the PTA or a political party.

Question 8

Duos

Answer 8

A group consisting of two people.

Question 9

Risky shift

Answer 9

The tendency for group members, after discussion and interaction, to engage in riskier behavior than they would while alone.

Question 10

Coalition

Answer 10

An alliance formed by two or more individuals or groups to achieve certain ends.

Question 11

Bureaucracy

Answer 11

A type of formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.

Question 12

Social network

Answer 12

A set of links between individuals or other social units such as groups or organizations.

Question 13

Groupthink

Answer 13

A tendency for group members to reach a consensus at all costs.

Question 14

Triad

Answer 14

A group consisting of three people.

Question 15

Attribution

Answer 15

Error made in attributing the causes for someone’s behavior to their membership in a particular group, such as a racial group.

Question 16

Formal organization

Answer 16

A large secondary group organized to accomplish a complex task or set of tasks.

Question 17

Tenure

Answer 17

A guarantee of continuing employment in an organization.

Question 18

Organizational culture

Answer 18

The collective norms and values that shape the behavior of people within an organization.

Question 19

Instrumental needs

Answer 19

Emotionally neutral, task-oriented needs.

Question 20

Deindividuation

Answer 20

The feeling that ones self has merged with a group.

Question 21

Primary group

Answer 21

A group characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships.

Question 22

Expressive needs

Answer 22

Needs for intimacy, companionship, and emotional support.

Question 23

Utilitarian

Answer 23

A profit or nonprofit organization that pays it’s employees salaries or wages.

Question 24

Polarization shift

Answer 24

A shift of group opinion in terms of risk, either an increase or a degree of risk, from before discussion to after discussion.

Question 25

Attribution theory

Answer 25

The principle that dispositional attributions are made about others in different groups or circumstances

Question 26

Organizational ritualism

Answer 26

A situation in which rules become ends in themselves rather than means to an end.

Question 27

Coercive organization

Answer 27

Organizations for which membership is involuntary; examples are prisons and mental hospitals.

Question 28

Normative organization

Answer 28

An organization having a voluntary membership and that pursues goals; examples are the PTA or a political party.

Question 29

Reference groups

Answer 29

Any group used by the individual as a standard for evaluating her or his attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Question 30

Secondary groups

Answer 30

A group that is relatively large in number and not as intimate or long in duration as a primary group.

Question 31

Utilitarian

Answer 31

organizations profit or nonprofit organization that pays it’s employees salaries or wages.