Chapter 15

Question 1

interlocking directorates:

Answer 1

organizational linkages created when the same people sit on the boards of directors of a number of different corporations.

Question 2

Global assembly-line:

Answer 2

an international division of labor where research and development is conducted in an industrial country, and the assembly of goods is done primarily in an underdeveloped and poor nations, mostly by women and children.

Question 3

Socialism:

Answer 3

an economic institution characterized by state ownership and management of the basic industries

Question 4

Bureaucracy:

Answer 4

the type of formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, specific roles, and impersonality.

Question 5

Power:

Answer 5

a person or group’s ability to exercise influence and control over others.

Question 6

Economic restructuring:

Answer 6

contemporary transformations in the basic structure of work that are permanently altering the workplace, including the changing composition of the workplace, deindustrialization, use of enhanced technology, and the development of a global economy.

Question 7

spatial mismatch:

Answer 7

the pattern whereby jobs are located in a geographic area located away from groups who need work.

Question 8

Autonomous state model:

Answer 8

a theoretical model of the state that interprets the state is developing interests of its own, independent of other interests.

Question 9

Xenophobia:

Answer 9

the fear and hatred of foreigners

Question 10

Dual labor market:

Answer 10

the division of the labor market into two segments-the primary and secondary labor markets.

Question 11

Deindustrialization:

Answer 11

the transition from a predominantly goods-producing economy to one based on the provision of services.

Question 12

Division of labor:

Answer 12

the systematic interrelation of different tasks that develops and complex societies.

Question 13

State:

Answer 13

the organized system of power and authority in society.

Question 14

Gender gap:

Answer 14

gender differences in behavior, such as voting behavior.

Question 15

Charismatic authority:

Answer 15

authority derived from the personal appeal of a leader.

Question 16

Communism:

Answer 16

an economic system where the state is the sole owner of the systems of production.

Question 17

Global economy:

Answer 17

term used to refer to the fact that all dimensions of the economy now cross national borders.

Question 18

Glass ceiling:

Answer 18

popular concept referring to the limits a woman and minorities experience in job mobility.

Question 19

Multinational corporations:

Answer 19

corporations that conduct business across national borders.

Question 20

Unemployment rate:

Answer 20

percentage of those not working, but officially defined is looking for work.

Question 21

Automation:

Answer 21

the process by which human labor is replaced by machines.

Question 22

Capitalism:

Answer 22

an economic system based on the principles of market competition, private property, and the pursuit of profit.

Question 23

Propaganda:

Answer 23

information disseminated by group or organization(such as a state) intended to justify tone power.

Question 24

Totalitarian:

Answer 24

an extreme form of authoritarianism where the state has total control over all aspects of public and private life.

Question 25

Sexual harassment:

Answer 25

unwanted physical or verbal sexual behavior that occurs in the context of a relationship of unequal power and that his experienced as a threat to the victim’s job or educational activities.

Question 26

Traditional authority:

Answer 26

authority stemming from long established patterns that give certain people or groups legitimate power in society.

Question 27

Work:

Answer 27

productive human activity that produces something of value, either goods or services.

Question 28

Government:

Answer 28

the state institutions that represent the population and make rules that govern the society.

Question 29

Contingent workers:

Answer 29

those who do not hold regular jobs, but whose employment is dependent upon demand.

Question 30

Authoritarian:

Answer 30

the personality characterized by a tendency to rigidly categorize people and to submit to authority, rigidly conform, and to be intolerant of ambiguity.

Question 31

Rational legal authority:

Answer 31

authority stemming from rules and regulations, typically written down as laws, procedures, or codes of conduct.

Question 32

Underemployment:

Answer 32

the condition of being employed at a skill level below what would be expected given a person’s training, experience, or education.

Question 33

Postindustrial societies:

Answer 33

society economically dependent upon the production and distribution of services, information, and knowledge.

Question 34

Alienation:

Answer 34

the feeling of powerlessness and separation from one’s group or society.

Question 35

Democracies:

Answer 35

system of government based on the principle of representing all people to the right to vote.

Question 36

Outsourcing:

Answer 36

transferring a specialized task or job from one organization to different organization, usually in another country, as a costs saving device.

Question 37

Nationalism:

Answer 37

a strong identity associated with an extreme sense of allegiance to one’s culture or nation.

Question 38

Political action committees:

Answer 38

groups of people who organized to support candidates they feel will represent their views.

Question 39

Interest group:

Answer 39

a constituency in society organized to promote its own agenda.

Question 40

Economy:

Answer 40

the system on which the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services is based.

Question 41

Power Elite model:

Answer 41

a theoretical model of power positing a strong link between government and business.

Question 42

Occupational segregation: .

Answer 42

a pattern in which different groups of workers are separated into different occupations

Question 43

Job displacement:

Answer 43

the permanent loss of certain job types when employment patterns shift, as when a manufacturing plants shut down.

Question 44

Emotional labor:

Answer 44

work that is explicitly intended to produce a desired state of mind in a client.

Question 45

Pluralist model:

Answer 45

a theoretical model of power in society is coming from the representation of diverse interests of different groups in society.

Question 46

Authority:

Answer 46

power that is perceived by others is legitimate.

Question 47

Contingent worker:

Answer 47

those who do not hold regular jobs, but whose employment is dependent upon demand.