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Biology 1306 > Chapter 55: Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 55: Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

what do physical laws do

A

govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems

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2
Q

what processes do ecosystem dynamics involve

A

energy flow and chemical cycling

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3
Q

what is energy flow

A
  • enters eco. as sunlight
  • converted to chem energy by autotrophs
  • passes heterotrophic as food
  • dissipated as heat
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4
Q

what is chemical cycling

A
  • carbon and ntirogen are passed between abiotic and nonbiotic components
  • photosynthetic and chemosynthetic take the decomposed elements and incorporate it into organims cooumpo
  • organic compounds are consumed by animals
  • energy is recycled
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5
Q

what laws do ecosystems obey

A

thermodynamics and conservation of mass

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6
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only

transferred or transformed

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7
Q

what is the seond law of thermodynamics

A

every exchange of energy increases the

entropy (disorder) of the universe

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8
Q

what is the conservation of mass

A

matter cannot be created or destroyed

-

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9
Q

chemical elements are…

A

continually recycled

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10
Q

what are primary produces

A

autotrophs that build
organic molecules using either sunlight or
inorganic compounds as energy sources

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11
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

consumers that depend
directly or indirectly on production by
primary producers

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12
Q

herbivores are

A

primary consumers

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13
Q

second conusmers

A

Carnivores that eat herbivores ar

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14
Q

what is primary consumer

A

Herbivores are primary consumers; they

eat primary producers

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15
Q

what are tertiary consumer

A

Carnivores that eat other carnivores are

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16
Q

what are decomposers

A

heterotrophs that get their
energy from detritus, nonliving organic material
(such as remains of dead organisms, feces and
fallen leaves

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17
Q

what are the main decomposers

A

Prokaryotes and fungi a

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18
Q

What is primary production

A

amount of light energy converted to chemical energy

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19
Q

what is a chemoautotrophs

A

are organisms that can fix inorganic carbon using a chemical energy obtained
through the oxidation of reduced compounds

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20
Q

what does the total amount of photosynthetic production do

A

sets the spending limit for an eosystem’s energy budget

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21
Q

what limits photosynthetic output

A

amount of solar radiation

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22
Q

what is the total primary production

A

ecosystem’s gross primary production (

23
Q

what is GPP

A

-gross primary production
- measured as the conversion of energy from light (or chemicals) to the chemical
energy of organic molecules per unit time

24
Q

what is the NPP

A

like GPP but minus the energy for cellular respiration

- measure of total biomass accumulation

25
Q

what does NeP do

A

determines whether an ecosystem gains/loses carbon over time

26
Q

what is measured on land

A

CO2

27
Q

light limitation

A

Depth of light penetration affects primary production

in the photic zone

28
Q

where is the photic zone

A

top layer of an ocean or lake

29
Q

what is nutrient limitation

A
  • limit primary prodction in oceans and lajes

- element that must be added for production

30
Q

what nutriens limit marine production

A

phosphorous and nitrogen

31
Q

what does Nitrogen nH3

A

nutrients that limit phyloplankton’s growth in the ecosystem

32
Q

what can limit production in terrestrial ecosystems

A

soil nutrients

33
Q

Adding limiting nutrient

A

increase production

34
Q

what is eutrophication

A

process where primary production increases as an ecosystem changes from nutrient-poor to nutrient rich

35
Q

nutrients from where promote the growth of primary producers

A

sewage

36
Q

how does excess nitrogen cause algae bloom

A

fertilizes phytoplankton

37
Q

why do a large number of fish die

A

insufficient oxygen

38
Q

what does phosphorus do to cyanobacterial growth in lakes

A

limits the growth; this is also why we have phosphate free detergens

39
Q

what does cyanobacteria do to nutrients

A

promotes nutrient cycling

40
Q

what affects primary prodcution in terrestrial ecosystems

A

temperature and moisture

41
Q

what will increase npp

A

increase in temp and increase in the amount of solar energy

increase in precipitation

42
Q

which is a good climate for production

A

warm/ moist

43
Q

which climate is least productive

A

cold and dry

44
Q

what production climate do temperate forests and grasslands have

A

moderate production

45
Q

what predicts npp

A

evaptranspiration

46
Q

what is evapotranspiration

A

water transferrred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil

47
Q

why has npp been deleted

A

droughts in the southern hemisphere

48
Q

what do hotter droughts lead to

A

increased forest fires and beetle outbreaks

49
Q

what is the drought stress index

A

how greatly

trees are stressed by the condition

50
Q

what is an energy pyramid

A

represents the loss of

energy with each transfer in a food chain

51
Q

what is trophic efficiency

A

percentage of
production transferred from one trophic level to
the next

52
Q

npp stand for

A

net product productivity

53
Q

secondary production in cater pillars

A

stored energy will be used for cellular respiration and the rest in its feces

54
Q

what range do birds and mammls have efficiencies in

A

1-3% bc of high cost of endothermy

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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