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Biology 1306 > chapter 43: The Immune System > Flashcards

chapter 43: The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is innate immunity

A

defense mechanism an animal is born with

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

the response is enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen

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3
Q

what is a pathogen

A

agents that cause disease

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4
Q

what do first lines defense help with

A

prevent pathogens from gaining entry to the body

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5
Q

within the body what are the 2 types of molecular recognition

A

detection of nonself molecules, particles and cells

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6
Q

what animals have what immunity

A

innate

- includes barrier defenses

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7
Q

what immunity do vertebrates have

A

adaptive

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8
Q

when is adaptive immune response activated

A

after the innate response and develops more slowly

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9
Q

what are the barrier defenses for innate immunuty

A

skin
mucous membranes
secretions

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10
Q

what are some innate internal defenses

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • natural killer cells
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • inflammatory response
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11
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens

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12
Q

what is the humoral response for adaptive immunity

A

antibodies defend against infection in body fluids

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13
Q

what is the cell-mediated response for adaptive immunity

A

cytotoxic cells defend against infection in the body cells

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14
Q

benefit of the exoskeleton in insects

A

forms the first barrier to pathogens

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15
Q

what is the digestive system protected by

A

chitin-based barrier and lysozyme

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16
Q

what is a lysozyme

A

an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

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17
Q

what is hemocyctes

A

circulated within the hemolymph and carry out hemolymph

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18
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

ingestion and digestion of large foreign substances

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19
Q

what do hemocytes secrete

A

antimicrobial peptides

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20
Q

what do antimicrobial peptides do

A

disrupt the plasma membranes of the fungi and bacteria

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21
Q

what does the immune system recognize

A

bacteria and fungi structures on their cell walls

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22
Q

what nucleic acid do the viruses that infect insects have

A

genome consisting of single-stranded rna

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23
Q

how does the virus invade the host cell

A
  • ## replicates sRNA in the host cell which then results in dsRNA
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24
Q

what rna type is not produced by animals

A

double stranded

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25
Q

what can double stranded rna do

A

trigger a specific defense against the invading virus

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26
Q

what is the process of the double stranded rna using its defense mechanism

A
  • host enzyme dicer 2 recognizes dsRNA
  • dicer 2 cut the dsRNA into fragments
  • host argo complex protein binds to the fragments and blocks the viral mRNA
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27
Q

what are some innate defenses mammals and invertebrates share together

A

phagocytosis and antimicrobial peptides

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28
Q

what defenses are unique to vertebrates

A
  • natural killer cells
  • interferons
  • inflammatory response
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29
Q

what are some of the barrier defenses

A
  • skin and mucous membranes
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30
Q

where are mucous membranes found

A

digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

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31
Q

what are the function of the skin and mucous membranes

A
  • block entry of pathogens

- mucus traps and allows for the removal of microbes

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32
Q

what body fluids are hostile to many microbes

A

saliva, mucus, and tears

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33
Q

what is a lysozyme

A

destroy the cell walls of weak bacteria

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34
Q

how is a low pH benefical to the skin and digestive system

A

prevents the growth of many bacteria

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35
Q

what pH is the stomach and how is it good

A

2; kills most of the bacteria before they enter the small intestine

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36
Q

how do the secretions of oil and sweat glands affect the pH

A

give human love pH of 3-5

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37
Q

what does cilliated epithelia cells do

A

sweep dust and pathogens trapped preventing infection of the lungs

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38
Q

what are some functions of the innate immune cells in mammals (3 D’s)

A
  • detect
  • devour
  • destroy invading pathogens
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39
Q

what do innate cells do

A

recognize groups of pathogens and they use different receptors

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40
Q

what are the receptors the innate cells use

A

TLR (toll-like receptor)

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41
Q

what do TLR receptors do

A

recognize and bind to the fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens

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42
Q

what are the different types of TLR receptors

A

TLR 3, 4, and 5

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43
Q

what is TLR 3

A

located in the surface vesicle and it binds to dsRNA

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44
Q

what is TLR 4

A

located on the plasma membrane

binds to lipopolysaccharide found in some bacteria cell wall

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45
Q

what is TLR 5

A

located on the plasma membrane

- binds to flagellin

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46
Q

what is flagellin

A

main protein of bacterial flagella

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47
Q

what are the 2 types of phagocytic cells

A

-neutrophils and macrophages

48
Q

what are phagocytic cells

A

engulf and destroy pathogens in the body

49
Q

what are neutrophils

A

circulate in the blood and make up most of while blood cells in humans

50
Q

what are macrophages

A

(big eaters) some migrate through the body or reside permanently in organs and tissues

51
Q

what are the additional types of phagocytic cells

A
  • dentritic cells and esoinophils
52
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

stimulate development of adaptive immunity

- found in tissues that have contact with the environment

53
Q

what are eosinophils

A

discharge distructive enzymes against multicellular invaders like parasites
- found beneath an epithelium

54
Q

what are neutrophils attracted to and what is their shape

A
  • infected tissues

- spherical shape at rest but can change shape to fight infection

55
Q

what receptors do eosinohils have and what group are they apart of

A
  • Fc receptors that bind to antibodies

- part of white blood cells

56
Q

where do macrophages originate

A

in bone marrow

57
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

circulate through the body and detect abnormal surface proteins on cancerous cells

58
Q

how can natural kills cells fight against cancer

A

release chemicals that lead to cell death and inhibit the spread of cancer

59
Q

what are antimicrobial peptides (AMP)

A

small peptides that exist in nature and they use pathogen recognition and release peptides to attack pathogens

60
Q

what are interferons

A

proteins that provide defense by stopping the replication of viruses

61
Q

what do virus-infected cells secrete

A

interferons Proteins that induce nearby cells to stop viral replication

62
Q

what happens when interferons activate macrophages

A

cascade of reactions that can lead to lysis (bursting) of the invading cells

63
Q

what is the inflammatory resposne

A

pain and swelling is brought by molecules that are released during injury or infection

64
Q

where can inflammation occur

A

locally or systematicallt

65
Q

what is an example of an inflammatory response

A

fever

66
Q

what does local inflammatory response involve

A
  • mast cells
  • increased blood blow to the site
  • accumulation of pus
67
Q

what are mast cells

A

immune cells found in the connective tissue that release histamine

68
Q

what does histamine do

A

triggers blood vessls to dialte and become more permeable

69
Q

what do activated complement proteins do

A

promote further release of hsitamine and they attract more phagocytic cells

70
Q

what does increased blood flow help with (local)

A

deliver neutrophils and antimicrobial peptides to the site

71
Q

what is pus

A

fluid rich in white blood cell, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues

72
Q

what are 2 types of lymphocytes

A

t cells and b cells

73
Q

where do t cells orginate from

A

thymus

74
Q

where do b cells orignate from

A

bone marrow

75
Q

what are antigens

A

substances that can cause a response from B or T cell

- large and foreign molecules

76
Q

what do t cells or b cells bind to

A

antigens via antigen receptor

77
Q

what is the epitiope

A

the small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

78
Q

where do b cells live

A

in the lymph nodes and spleen and also circulate in the blood

79
Q

what does a b cell antigen receptor look like

A

y shaped molecule with 2 heavy polypeptde chains and 2 light polypeptide chains

80
Q

what do the variable regions of b cells provide

A

antigen specificity

81
Q

compare the constant c regions with the constant v regions

A

the c regions of the chains vary little among B cells whereas the variable v regions differ greatly

82
Q

what is the first step in B cell activation

A

binding of a B cell antigen receptor (epitope)

83
Q

what do B cells transform

A

into plasma cells

84
Q

what do plasma cells secrete

A

soluble form of the protein called an antibody or immunoglobulin

85
Q

what shape do antibodies have

A

the same Y shape as B cells antigen receptors2

86
Q

different antibodies can recognize what

A

different epitopes on the same antigen

87
Q

antibodies can also recognize what

A

free antigens as well as antigens on a pathogen surface

88
Q

what does a t cell receptor consist of

A
  • 2 different polypeptide chains (alpha and beta)
89
Q

what do t cells bind to

A

antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell

90
Q

what are antigen fragments bound to

A

cell-surface proteins called histocompatibility complex molecules

91
Q

what do MHC molecules bind to in infected cells

A

mhc molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface

92
Q

what is antigen presentation

A

mhc molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface

93
Q

what are the 4 major characteristics

A
  • immense diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
  • self-tolerance: lack of reactivity against an animals own molecules
  • B and T cells proliferate
  • immunological memory
94
Q

what does the immune system do with antigens

A

assembles millions of different antigen receptors (T and B)

95
Q

what does the immunoglobin gene encode

A

light chain of the B cell receptors and secretes antibodies

96
Q

what are Ig gene rearrangements

A

are permanent and passed on to daughters cells when the lymphocyte divides

97
Q

what does the v and j segments encode

A

the variable region of the receptor chain

98
Q

what does segment c encode for

A

constant region

99
Q

what cells can B cells express

A

five different forms of immunoglobin IgA, IgE, IgM, IgD

100
Q

what is self-tolerance

A

the ability for the immune system to recognize itself and not react or attack

101
Q

how does the body distinguish self from non-self

A
  • regulate at the stage of immature B and t cells
  • lymphocytes tested for self-reactivity
  • antigen receptor genes are randomly rearranged
102
Q

what happens to immature lymphocytes since they are randomly rearranged

A

produce receptor specific for an epitope on the organisms own molecules

103
Q

what b and t cells are destroyed by apoptosis

A

with receptors specific for the body’s own molecules are destroyed

104
Q

what happens in the lymph nodes

A

an antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes until a match s made

105
Q

what is clonal selection

A

b or t cells undergo multiple cell divisions forming a clone of identical cells

106
Q

what are effector cells

A

act immediately against the antigen and they are plasma cells that secrete antibodies

107
Q

where do effector cells form

A

in t cells and they are helpter t cellls and cytotoxic t cells

108
Q

what is the function of immunological memory

A

responsible for long-term protections against disease

109
Q

what does the first exposure to a specific antigen represent

A

the primary immune response ( clone of lymphocytes is formed)

110
Q

what is the secondary immune response

A

memory cells facilitate a faster, greater, and more prolonged response from a reservoir

111
Q

what are the defenses provided by B ad T lymphocytes

A

humoral immune

the cell mediated immune response

112
Q

what is humoral immune response

A

protects the blood and lymph

-

113
Q

what are antibodies

A

help neutralize or eliminate toxin and pathogens in the blood and lymph

114
Q

what is cell mediated immune response

A

specialized t cells destroy infected host cells

115
Q

what does helper t cell do

A

activates both the humoral and cell mediated immune response

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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