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Biology 1306 > Chapter 28: Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a protist

A

term used to refer to all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

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2
Q

what do eukaryotic cells have

A

organelles

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3
Q

the organims in most eukaryotic lineages are what

A

protists

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4
Q

are most protists unicellular or multicellular

A

unicellular

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5
Q

why are protists not considered a kingdom

A

because some protists are more closely related

to plants, fungi, or animals than other protists

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6
Q

what do protists exhibit more than any other group of eukaryotes

A

structural and funcitnal diversity

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7
Q

why are single-celled protists complex

A

carry out all functions of life

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8
Q

what are some examples of cellular organization with membrane bound organlles

A

nucleus, golgi ap, ER, lysosomes

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9
Q

what can protists be categorized in

A

photoautotrophs,(chloroplast), heterotrophs( absorb organic molecules or ingest large food particles), mixotrophs ( combine photoynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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10
Q

how do protists reproduce

A

asexually, and some produce through meiosis

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11
Q

where does protist diversity have its origins

A

endosymbiosis

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12
Q

what is endosymbiosis

A

relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the
cell or cells of the other organism (the host)

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13
Q

where is the mitochondria and plastid derived from

A

bacteria (prok) that were engulfed by ancestors of early eukaryotes

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14
Q

what did molecular analysis indicate about the evolution of mitochondira and plastid

A

evolved only once in the history of life

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15
Q

what evolved first mitochondria or plastid

A

mitochondira

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16
Q

how did mitochondria rise

A

alpha proteobacterium

gram negative bacteria

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17
Q

evolution of mitochondira gave rise to what

A

eukaryotes

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18
Q

how did plastids rise

A

a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic

cyanobacterium

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19
Q

how many membranes do cyanobacteria, and plastids of red and green algae have

A

2

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20
Q

what ingested the red and green algae themselves what is the process called

A

heterotrophic eukaryotes, secondary endosymbiosis

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21
Q

what is a nucleomorph

A

the engulfed cell contains a vestigal nucleus

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22
Q

what is the clade excavata characterized by

A

cytoskeleton

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23
Q

excavates include what

A

protists with modified mitochondria

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24
Q

what do exacavted memebrs have

A

feeding groove on one side of the body

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25
Q

what groups are excavates

A

three monophyletic
groups: the diplomonads, parabasalids, and
euglenozoans

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26
Q

what do both dipomonads and parabasalids have in common

A
  • lack plastids

- reduced mitochondira

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27
Q

diplomonads

A
  • equal sized nuclei + multple flagella

- many are parasites like giardia intestinalis

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28
Q

parabasalids

A
  • reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes

- trichomonas vaginalis ( sexually transmitted parasite)

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29
Q

what is a euglenozoans

A

diverse clade
including predatory heterotrophs,
photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs,
and parasites

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30
Q

main feature of euglenozoa

A

e distinguishing the
clade is a spiral or crystalline rod
inside each flagella

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31
Q

what does euglenozoans include

A

kinetoplastids, and euglenids

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32
Q

kinetoplastids

A

single mitochondrion
containing an organized mass of DNA called a
kinetoplast
-Free-living species are consumers of prokaryotes
in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial
ecosystems
- trypanosoma: causes sleeping sickness in humans

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33
Q

what are euglenids

A

one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
- some species are mixotrophs that switch between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes,
depending on the environmental conditions

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34
Q

what is a highly diverse group of protists

A

SAR

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35
Q

what is SAR

A

monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its three major clades:
Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarian

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36
Q

what group is the most controversial between the different protists

A

SAR

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37
Q

stramenopiles

A 
-include some of the most 
important photosynthetic organisms on 
Earth
- hairy flagellum paired with smooth
- diatoms, oomycetes, brown algae
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38
Q

diatoms

A 
-unicellular algae with a unique 
two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide
- major component of 
phytoplankton and are highly diverse
-
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39
Q

why do scientists advocate to fertilize the ocean with iron

A

promote diatom blooms and
facilitate movement of CO2
to the bottom of the
ocean

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40
Q

what alage is the largest and most comples

A

brown algae

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41
Q

brown algae

A
  • multicellular algae

- species commonly known as seeweed

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42
Q

what produces the brown color of brown algae

A

Carotenoids in the plastids

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43
Q

plant like structures of brown algae

A

: the
rootlike holdfast, which anchors the alga, and a
stemlike stipe, which supports the leaflike blades

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44
Q

what helps keep brown algae structures near water’s surface

A

filled, bubble-shaped floats to keep

photosynthetic structures near the water surface

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45
Q

what does brown algae lack

A

true tissues and

organs

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46
Q

brown algae is important to who

A

humans

- laminaria are eating

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47
Q

what is the most complex life cycle

A

alteration of generations

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48
Q

what is alteration of generatoins

A

both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular

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49
Q

what is the diploid generation called

A

sporophyte; produces spores

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50
Q

haploid spores

A

develop into multicellular haploid

gametophytes that produce haploid gametes

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51
Q

fertalization of gametes results in what

A

diploid zygote, which develops into a new sporophyte

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52
Q

how is laminaria different than others

A

Heteromorphic species, such as Laminaria, have

structurally different gametophytes and sporophytes

53
Q

what is isomorphic

A

gametophytes and

sporophytes that look similar to each other

54
Q

what does oomycetes include

A

water molds, white rusts, and

downy mildews

55
Q

why were oomycetes misidentified as fungi

A

due to their
multinucleate filaments that resemble fungal
hyphae

56
Q

what are oomyctes cell walls composed of

A

cellulose rather than chitin (for fungi)

57
Q

why are oomy. different from fungi

A

molecular analysis shows they are different

58
Q

what are oomyctes more related to

A

plastid-bearing groups,

but do not have plastids or perform photosynthesis

59
Q

alveolates

A

membrane-enclosed
sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma
membran

60
Q

Three clades included in the alveolates

A

Dinoflagellates
– Apicomlexans,
– Ciliates

61
Q

dinoglagellates

A
  • abundant in marine and freshwater plankton
  • 2 flagella in armor like cellulose plates
  • ## diverse group
62
Q

what are toxic red tides caused by

A

dinoflagellate blooms bc of the carotenoids in their plastids

63
Q

apicomplexans

A
  • most are parasitres of an animal

- serious human disease

64
Q

how do apicomplexans spread

A

host as infectious cells

called sporozoites

65
Q

what is merozoite

A

infects red blood cell

66
Q

what is sporozoites

A

infect liver cells

67
Q

life cycles of apicomplexans

A

sexual and asexual stages and require two or more different hosts

68
Q

what apicoplexan causes malaria

A

plasmodium

69
Q

how many people die from malarie each year

A

200 million people

70
Q

what can plasmodium do

A

change its surface proteins; avoid

detection in the host immune

71
Q

why are ciliates named

A

named for their use of cilia to move around and feed on bacteria or other protists

72
Q

ciliates have 2 types of nuclei

A

micronuclei and large macronuclei, each cell has one or more copies of each type

73
Q

macronuclei

A

multiple copies of the

genome

74
Q

micronuclei

A

may be diploid or haploid,

depending on the life stage

75
Q

what does genetic variation result from

A

conjugation

76
Q

what is conjugation

A

two individuals
exchange haploid micronuclei
(without reproduction

77
Q

what happens to the macronucleus during binary fission

A

dissolves

78
Q

many species of rhizarians are what

A

amoebas

79
Q

what are amoebas

A

protists that move and feed
using pseudopodia, extensions of the cell
surface

80
Q

how are rhizarian amoebas different from other amoebas

A

hreadlike
pseudopodia. Non-amoeboid rhizarians
have flagella to move

81
Q

3 clades of rhizarians

A
  • radiolarians
  • forams
  • cercozoans
82
Q

radiolarins

A
  • delicate symmetrical skeleton
  • pseudopodia and microtubules radiate
  • cytoplasm covering microtubules engulf prey
    that become attached to the pseudopodia
83
Q

what are most radiolarians

A

marine organisms

84
Q

what are forams named for

A

porous calcium carbonate shells, called tests

85
Q

where do pseudopodia extend in the test

A

through the pores

86
Q

how are forams nourished

A

photosynthetic activity of symbiotic algae

87
Q

where do forams live

A

ocean and freshwater

88
Q

how can researchers measure content in fossilized forams

A

use the magnisum content

89
Q

what are cercozoans

A

amoeboid and flagellated protists

that feed using threadlike pseudopodia

90
Q

where are cercozoans found

A

marine, fresh water, and soil ecosystems

91
Q

what are most cercozoans

A

heterotrophic parasites or predators

92
Q

what is the paulinella chromatophora

A

cercozoan autotroph
with a unique photosynthetic structure called a
chromatophore

93
Q

what are chlorarachinophytes

A

small group of mixotrophs

94
Q

what are the closest relative to plants

A

red and green algae

95
Q

what did ancient protist evolve into

A

red algae and green algae

96
Q

plants are descended from what

A

green algae

97
Q

what is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and plants

A

archaeplastida

98
Q

what is phycoerythrin and how does it affect algae

A

masks the green of chlorophyll giving red algae its color

99
Q

how does color of red algae vary

A

varies from greenish-red in shallow

- dark red or black in deep water

100
Q

what is the largest red algae

A

seeweed, multicellular

101
Q

reproduction in red algae

A

sexual and include alternation of generations

102
Q

where is red algae common

A

costal waters or tropical oceans

103
Q

which species of red algae are consumed by humans

A

-porphyra (nori) used to wrap sushi

104
Q

what are green algae named for

A

green chloroplasts, which
are structurally and chemically similar to those found in
plants

105
Q

what group does green algae form

A

paraphyletic group that includes:

charophytes and chlorophytes

106
Q

charophytes

A

algae most closely related to plants

107
Q

where do chlorophytes live

A

in fresh water

108
Q

how did algae become larger and have greater complexity

A
  • formation of colonies
  • formation of true multicelluar bodies
  • repeated division of nuclei
109
Q

unikons

A

include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals

110
Q

2 major clades of unikons

A

Amoebozoans: tubulinids and relatives
– Opisthokonts: animals, fungi, and related
protists

111
Q

amoebozoans

A

amoebas that
have lobe- or tube-shaped
-tubulinids,slime
molds, and entamoebas

112
Q

slime molds/ mycetoxoans

A

once thought
to be fungi due to their spore-producing fruiting
bodies

113
Q

slime mold lineages

A

plasmodial slime

molds and cellular slime molds

114
Q

tubulinids

A 
diverse group of 
amoebozoans with lobe- or tube-shaped 
pseudopodia
- unicellular protists
-found in soil and freshwater and marine
- most are heterotrophic and consume bacteria
115
Q

plasmodial slime molds

A
  • brightly colored often yellow or orange
  • form a large feeding mass called plasmodium
  • plasmodium undivided by plasma membranes contains many diploid nuclei
116
Q

cellular slime molds

A

multicellular
aggregates in which cells are separated by
plasma membranes

117
Q

what does the feeding stage of cellular slime molds consist of

A

solitary cells

  • food is low = cells form aggregate
  • aggregate will form fruiting body
  • cells in stalk of fruiting body die
118
Q

what is Dictyostelium discoideum

A

a model organism

for the studying the evolution of multicellularity

119
Q

entamoeba

A

parasites of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates

120
Q

humans host at least 6 species but which one is pathogenic

A

E. histolytica is pathogenic

121
Q

what does

E. histolytica cause

A

amoebic dysentery, the third-leading cause of death due to eukaryotic
parasites

122
Q

opisthokonts

A

diverse group including animals, fungi, and several groups of protist

123
Q

where are protists found

A

diverse aquatic and moist terrestrial environments

124
Q

key roles of protists in their habitats

A

symbiont and that of producer

125
Q

symbiotic protitst

A
  • protists can benefit their host

- protists can be parasites

126
Q

photosynthetic protists

A
  • producers that obtain energy from the sun to convert it to CO2
127
Q

who are the main producers in aquatic communities

A

photosynthetic protists and

prokaryotes

128
Q

what happened to protists as the temp increased

A

Growth and biomass of photosynthetic protists has

declined as sea surface temperature has increased

129
Q

what do phytoplankton communites rely on

A

upwelling of cold nutrient rich water from below

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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