Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1306 > chapter 54: Community ecology > Flashcards

chapter 54: Community ecology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a biological community

A

accumulation of populations of various species living close enough for potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are interspecific interactions

A

takes place between specie in a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some types of interspecific interactions

A

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is competition

A

when different species compete for a resource that limits survival and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can strong competition lead to

A

competitive exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is competitive exclusion

A

local elimination of the inferior competitor and can lead to extinction; where animals can’t coexist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what can competing for limited resource cause

A

evolutionary change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is ecological niche?

A

relationship that an organism has with the biotic and abiotic resources that it uses in its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can coexist in a community

A

similar species if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is resource partitioning

A

differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is exploitation

A

+/- interaction

one species benefits by feeding on the other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is exploitation common

A

in non photosynthesis organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are some exploitative interactions

A

predation, herbivory, parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is predation

A

-+/- interaction

one species the predator kills and eats the other which is the prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some adaptations that predators have

A

claws, fangs, or poison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what adaptations do prey display

A

hiding, fleeing, and forming herds or schools (clumps)

- morphological and physiological defense: porcupines and skunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is aposematic coloration

A

Animals with chemical defenses often exhibit

bright warning coloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is cryptic coloration

A

camouflage, makes prey
difficult to see in their
environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is batesian mimicry

A

Harmless individuals that resemble
members of a harmful species are
avoided by predators that have
learned not to eat the harmful ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is mullerian mimicry

A

two or more

unpalatable species resemble each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how can predators learn to avoid unpalatbale species

A

they encounter more of

them with a similar appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

description of herbivory

A
  • +/- interaaction
  • herbivore eats plant
  • harm but do not kill
  • most are invertebrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the most familiar herbivore

A

large mammals (cattle, sheep, buffalo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do plants do to prevent herbivores

A

produce toxic or distasteful chemicals or

mechanical defenses, such as spines or thorns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what special adaptations do herbivores have

A
  • chemical sensors that enable them to distinguish toxicity or nutritional value of plant
  • specialized teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

description of parasitism

A
  • (+/– interaction
    -one organism, the
    parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its
    host, which is harmed in the process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are endoparasites

A

live within the body of host

ex: ringworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are ectoparasites

A

live on the external surface

example: head lice

29
Q

what are the types of + interactions

A

mutalism, commensalism

30
Q

description of mutualism

A
  • +/+
  • benefits both species
  • each species depends on each other
31
Q

description of commensalism

A
  • +/0

- one species is benefited and the other is neither harmed or helped

32
Q

what can positive interactions influence

A

structure of ecological communities

33
Q

what are the fundamental features of community structure

A

species diversity

and feeding relationships

34
Q

what is species diversity

A

-variety of organisms that make up the community which has two components: species richness and relative abundance

35
Q

what is species richness

A

number of

different species in the community

36
Q

what is the relative abundance

A

proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

37
Q

what does species diversity provide

A

stability from disturbances

38
Q

characteristics of communities with higher diversity

A
  • produce more biomass
  • more stable
  • able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses
  • more resistant to new species
39
Q

what is a trophic structure

A

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

* key factor that affects community structure and dynamics

40
Q

what is a food chain

A

s link trophic levels

from producers to top carnivore

41
Q

what is a food web

A

group of food chains linked together

forming complex trophic interactions

42
Q

what do the arrows in a food web show

A

who eats whom

43
Q

what does phytoplanton serve as

A

food for zooplanktons (copepods and krill)

44
Q

who eats zooplankton

A

birds

45
Q

what is the energetic hypothesis

A

length is limited by inefficent energy transfer

46
Q

what is the 10% energy rule

A

10% of the energy is passed on on each level

47
Q

what are some limits on food chain length

A

carnivores tend to be larger at higher trophic levels

- large carnivores can’t obtain enough food from their small prey

48
Q

why is it good to eat prey

A

they have fat which gives them energy for travelling hunting, and maintaining an optimal body temp

49
Q

which species have large impact

A

-highly abundant and have an essential role

-

50
Q

what is foundation species(dominant)

A

species that are most abundant or have a large size

51
Q

what is the hypothesis about dominant species

A
  • most competitive in taking key resources like space water nutrients and light
52
Q

what are keystone species

A
53
Q

differense between foundation and keystone species

A

keystone is not that abundant

54
Q

what is an ecosystem engineers

A

cause physical changes in

the environment that affect community structure

55
Q

why are trees considered foundations species and ecosystem engineers

A

prescense creates habitat for other species

56
Q

what is biomanipulation

A

used to restore species

  • organisms are controlled by what they eat
  • organisms controlled by what eats them
57
Q

what is the bottom up model

A

influence from lower to higher trophic levels

58
Q

top down model

A

control comes from the trophic level

59
Q

how can top down control have benefits

A

improve water quality with high abundance of algae

60
Q

lake water suffers from what

A

abundance in algae

61
Q

what does removing fish do to the water

A

improves water quality

62
Q

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

states that
moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater
diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

63
Q

what does the flood intensity graph show

A

intermediate have increased species diversity

64
Q

high levels of disturbance =

A

decreased diversity

65
Q

low levels of disturbance

A

decreased diversity, dominant species excluded less competitve species

66
Q

what is ecological succession

A

sequence of changes in

community composition following a disturbanc

67
Q

what is primary succession

A

New species begin colonizing where no soil exists
(lifeless area) in a new volcanic area
– Initial species : prokaryotes and protists (e.g.,
mosses

68
Q

what is secondary siccession

A

Occurs where soil still exists
– Recolonized of an area after a major disturbance
removed most but not all of the organisms
– Agricultural fields that have been abandoned

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions