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Biology 1306 > Chapter 29: How plants colonized land > Flashcards

Chapter 29: How plants colonized land Flashcards

1
Q

what did plants evolve from

A

green algae

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2
Q

what do plants supply

A

oxygen, food sources, and habitat for many other terrestrial organisms

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3
Q

of known plant species

A

325,000

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4
Q

key traits of plants

A

Plants and some algae are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs
– Algae, like plants, have cellulose in their cell walls and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
a and b

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5
Q

what is close to plants

A

charopjytes

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6
Q

key traits plants share with charophytes

A

– Cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins are arranged
in rings, rather than linear sets (Non-charophyte algae)
– Structure of flagellated sperm
– DNA sequence similarities in nuclear, chloroplast, and
mitochondrial D N A

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7
Q

what clade is of charophytes is the closest to plants

A

lade Zygnematophyceae are the closest living relatives

of plant

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8
Q

plants did not descend from …

A

modern charophytes,

but share a common ancestor with them

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9
Q

what coating do charophytes have

A

sporopollenin (a layer of
durable polymer)
– prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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10
Q

sporopollenin

A

(pollen and spore grains) is also found in plant

spore walls

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11
Q

benefits and challenges of the move to land

A

– Benefits: direct/unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful CO2
(compared to in water), and nutrient-rich soil (water edge)
– Challenges: scarcity of water and lack of structural support
against gravity

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12
Q

how did plants thrive onn land

A

Plants diversified as adaptations evolved that enabled them to
thrive on land despite challenges

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13
Q

what is the kindgom plant defined as

A

as embryophytes, plants with embryo

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14
Q

Key traits distinguish plants from charophytes

A 
– Alternation of generations 
▪ Occurs in some algae (chlorophytes but not in charophytes)
– Multicellular, dependent embryo 
– Walled spores produced in sporangia
– Apical meristems
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15
Q

two generations of multicelluarl orgnaisms

A

gametophytes and

sporophytes

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16
Q

The multicellular haploid gametophyte

A 
produces 
haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis
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17
Q

the fusion of sperm and egg gives rise to

A

multicellular diploid sporophyte, which produces

haploid spores by meiosis

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18
Q

embryo developed from

A

the formed zygote

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19
Q

diploid embryo

A

retained and
protected within the tissue of the female
gametophyte

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20
Q

placental transfer cells

A

Nutrients (sugars, amino acids etc) are

transferred from parent to embryo

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21
Q

why are plants called embryophytes

A

because of this

dependency of the embryo on the paren

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22
Q

sporophyte produces spores in multicellular

organs called

A

sporangia

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23
Q

The polymer sporopollenin,

A

makes the cell walls
of these spores resistant to harsh environments,
enabling plant spores to be dispersed through
dry air without harm

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24
Q

apical meristems

A

Localized regions of cell division at

the tips of roots and shoots a

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25
Cells produced by apical meristems | differentiate into
various tissues
26
The cuticle
a covering of the epidermis that reduces water loss
27
The stomata (pores)
support photosynthesis by allowing gas exchange | between the outside air and internal plant tissues (e.g., oxygen and CO2)
28
Early plants lacked...
``` true roots (and leaves) making absorption of nutrients from the soil challenging ```
29
what did 420 million year old fossils suggest about the symbiotic associations with fungi
helped plants obtain nutrients
30
Nonvascular plants
ack an extensive transport | system (commonly called bryophytes)
31
examples of nonvascular plants
liverworts, mosses, and | hornworts
32
Vascular plants
have vascular tissue, cells joined into tubes for the transport of water and nutrients
33
Seedless vascular plants can be divided into clades:
Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives) | • Monilophytes (ferns and their relatives).
34
what can form a clade and can be divided into | further clades
seed plants
35
seed
embryo packaged with a supply of | nutrients inside a protective coat
36
gymnosperms
produce seeds that are not enclosed in | chambers (naked seeds)
37
angiosperms
produce seeds that develop inside | chambers that originate within flowers
38
what dominates the life cycles of mosses and nonvascular plants
gametophytes
39
bryophytes
3 phyla - phylum hepaophyta - phylum brophyta - phylum anthocerophyta
40
which gametophytes are larger and longer living than sporophytes
Haploid gametophytes are dominant
41
byrophte gametophytes
Gametophytes can produce multiple gametangia, | structures that produce gametes
42
anrchegonia
female gametangia, produce a single nonmotile egg
43
antheridia
male gametangia, produce many motile sperm (swims to reach egg through a film of water in response to chemical attractants)
44
bryophyte sporophyte consists of three major | parts
The foot absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte – The seta (stalk) conducts nutrients to the sporangium – The capsule (sporangium) produces spores by meiosis
45
A peristome (tooth like structure)
op of the | capsule disperses spores when conditions are dry
46
Moss and hornwort sporophytes are
– larger and more complex than liverworts | – Have stomata (which liverworts lack)
47
Mosses are common in moist
forests and | wetlands
48
Many mosses are able to live in extremely cold, | hot, and dry environments because they can
survive the loss of moist of their body, then | rehydrating after when moisture is available
49
Some mosses that colonize bare, sandy soil help | to
reduce nitrogen loss from the soil
50
some moss harbors nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria
that increase the availability of nitrogen (northern | coniferous forest
51
Wetland moss Sphagnum, or “peat moss ,” forms | extensive deposits of
decayed organic material | creating peat formation
52
The low temperature, pH, and oxygen level of peatlands
stop decay of moss
53
Peat can be used as a source of
fuel
54
Peatlands cover
r 3% of Earth’s land surface and contain | roughly one-third of the world’s soil carbon (organic)
55
Overharvesting of Sphagnum for the use of peat fuel | contributes to
global warming by releasing stored CO2 | to the atmosphere
56
first plants to grow tall
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants
57
what tissue allowed plants to grow much taller
• Vascular tissue
58
Like bryophytes, seedless vascular plants have
flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to | moist environments
59
• In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of | seedless vascular plants
the larger, more | complex alternative generation life cycle
60
Living vascular plants are characterized by
``` Life cycles with dominant sporophytes – Transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem – Well-developed roots and leaves – Spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls ```
61
Rhizoids
anchor gametophytes to substrate
62
examples of sporophytes
leafy plants
63
example of gametophytes
tiny plants growing | on or below the soil surface
64
what are the 2 types of vascular tissue in vascular plants
xylem and phloem
65
Xylem
conducts most of the water and minerals
66
tracheids
- tube shaped cells | - carry water and minerals up from the roots
67
Water-conducting cells of the xylem are strengthened by
a polymer lignin and provide structural | support
68
taller plants vs smaller plants for sunlight
-taller able to compete better
69
Phloem tissue are arranged
tubes for transport of organic materials (sugar, amino acids etc
70
roots
organs that anchor vascular plants into | ground
71
what do leaves do
increase the surface area for the light capture and conduct most of the photosynthesis in plants
72
leaves are categorized by two types
- microphylls | - megaphylls
73
microphylls
small, often spine-shaped leaves with | a single vein, are found only in lycophytes
74
megaphylls
larger leaves with a highly branched | vascular system, are found in all other plant groups
75
sporophylls are modified leaves with what
sporangia
76
sori
clusters of sporangia on the undersides of fern | sporophylls
77
many lycophytes and most gymnosperms have
strobili
78
strobili
clumps of sporophylls in cone-like structures
79
The sporophylls of angiosperms are called
carpels and stamens
80
Most seedless vascular plants are
homosporous
81
bisexual gametophyte
male and female gametes
82
heterosporous
All seed plants and some seedless vascular
83
megaspores
give rise to female gametophytes,
84
microscpores
give rise to male gametophytes
85
two clades of seedless vascular | plants
– Phylum Lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts – Phylum Monilophyta includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
86
Lycophytes grow in
diverse habitats
87
Some gametophytes are
photosynthetic; others form below ground symbioses with fungi
88
Sporophytes have both
leaf-forming upright | stems, and ground-hugging root-forming stems
89
Spikemosses and quillworts are all heterosporous
clubmosses and homosporou
90
spikemosses and clubmosses have strobili
sporophylls clustered into club-shaped cones
91
what is the most widespread seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species
ferns
92
ferns are most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in
temperate forests
93
Horsetails sporophytes have jointed...
stems with rings of small leaves branches
94
horestails are
homosporous (cone releasing spores)
95
whisk ferns resemble
ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns – All are homosporous

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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