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Biology 1306 > Chapter 29: How plants colonized land > Flashcards

Chapter 29: How plants colonized land Flashcards

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1
Q

what did plants evolve from

A

green algae

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2
Q

what do plants supply

A

oxygen, food sources, and habitat for many other terrestrial organisms

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3
Q

of known plant species

A

325,000

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4
Q

key traits of plants

A

Plants and some algae are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs
– Algae, like plants, have cellulose in their cell walls and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
a and b

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5
Q

what is close to plants

A

charopjytes

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6
Q

key traits plants share with charophytes

A

– Cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins are arranged
in rings, rather than linear sets (Non-charophyte algae)
– Structure of flagellated sperm
– DNA sequence similarities in nuclear, chloroplast, and
mitochondrial D N A

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7
Q

what clade is of charophytes is the closest to plants

A

lade Zygnematophyceae are the closest living relatives

of plant

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8
Q

plants did not descend from …

A

modern charophytes,

but share a common ancestor with them

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9
Q

what coating do charophytes have

A

sporopollenin (a layer of
durable polymer)
– prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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10
Q

sporopollenin

A

(pollen and spore grains) is also found in plant

spore walls

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11
Q

benefits and challenges of the move to land

A

– Benefits: direct/unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful CO2
(compared to in water), and nutrient-rich soil (water edge)
– Challenges: scarcity of water and lack of structural support
against gravity

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12
Q

how did plants thrive onn land

A

Plants diversified as adaptations evolved that enabled them to
thrive on land despite challenges

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13
Q

what is the kindgom plant defined as

A

as embryophytes, plants with embryo

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14
Q

Key traits distinguish plants from charophytes

A 
– Alternation of generations 
▪ Occurs in some algae (chlorophytes but not in charophytes)
– Multicellular, dependent embryo 
– Walled spores produced in sporangia
– Apical meristems
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15
Q

two generations of multicelluarl orgnaisms

A

gametophytes and

sporophytes

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16
Q

The multicellular haploid gametophyte

A 
produces 
haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis
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17
Q

the fusion of sperm and egg gives rise to

A

multicellular diploid sporophyte, which produces

haploid spores by meiosis

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18
Q

embryo developed from

A

the formed zygote

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19
Q

diploid embryo

A

retained and
protected within the tissue of the female
gametophyte

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20
Q

placental transfer cells

A

Nutrients (sugars, amino acids etc) are

transferred from parent to embryo

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21
Q

why are plants called embryophytes

A

because of this

dependency of the embryo on the paren

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22
Q

sporophyte produces spores in multicellular

organs called

A

sporangia

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23
Q

The polymer sporopollenin,

A

makes the cell walls
of these spores resistant to harsh environments,
enabling plant spores to be dispersed through
dry air without harm

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24
Q

apical meristems

A

Localized regions of cell division at

the tips of roots and shoots a

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25
Q

Cells produced by apical meristems

differentiate into

A

various tissues

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26
Q

The cuticle

A

a covering of the epidermis that reduces water loss

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27
Q

The stomata (pores)

A

support photosynthesis by allowing gas exchange

between the outside air and internal plant tissues (e.g., oxygen and CO2)

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28
Q

Early plants lacked…

A 
true roots (and leaves) making absorption of nutrients 
from the soil challenging
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29
Q

what did 420 million year old fossils suggest about the symbiotic associations with fungi

A

helped plants obtain nutrients

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30
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

ack an extensive transport

system (commonly called bryophytes)

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31
Q

examples of nonvascular plants

A

liverworts, mosses, and

hornworts

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32
Q

Vascular plants

A

have vascular tissue,
cells joined into tubes for the transport of water and
nutrients

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33
Q

Seedless vascular plants can be divided into clades:

A

Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives)

• Monilophytes (ferns and their relatives).

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34
Q

what can form a clade and can be divided into

further clades

A

seed plants

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35
Q

seed

A

embryo packaged with a supply of

nutrients inside a protective coat

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36
Q

gymnosperms

A

produce seeds that are not enclosed in

chambers (naked seeds)

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37
Q

angiosperms

A

produce seeds that develop inside

chambers that originate within flowers

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38
Q

what dominates the life cycles of mosses and nonvascular plants

A

gametophytes

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39
Q

bryophytes

A

3 phyla

  • phylum hepaophyta
  • phylum brophyta
  • phylum anthocerophyta
40
Q

which gametophytes are larger and longer living than sporophytes

A

Haploid gametophytes are dominant

41
Q

byrophte gametophytes

A

Gametophytes can produce multiple gametangia,

structures that produce gametes

42
Q

anrchegonia

A

female gametangia, produce a single nonmotile egg

43
Q

antheridia

A

male gametangia, produce many motile
sperm (swims to reach egg through a film of water in
response to chemical attractants)

44
Q

bryophyte sporophyte consists of three major

parts

A

The foot absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
– The seta (stalk) conducts nutrients to the sporangium
– The capsule (sporangium) produces spores by meiosis

45
Q

A peristome (tooth like structure)

A

op of the

capsule disperses spores when conditions are dry

46
Q

Moss and hornwort sporophytes are

A

– larger and more complex than liverworts

– Have stomata (which liverworts lack)

47
Q

Mosses are common in moist

A

forests and

wetlands

48
Q

Many mosses are able to live in extremely cold,

hot, and dry environments because they can

A

survive the loss of moist of their body, then

rehydrating after when moisture is available

49
Q

Some mosses that colonize bare, sandy soil help

to

A

reduce nitrogen loss from the soil

50
Q

some moss harbors nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria

A

that increase the availability of nitrogen (northern

coniferous forest

51
Q

Wetland moss Sphagnum, or “peat moss ,” forms

extensive deposits of

A

decayed organic material

creating peat formation

52
Q

The low temperature, pH, and oxygen level of peatlands

A

stop decay of moss

53
Q

Peat can be used as a source of

A

fuel

54
Q

Peatlands cover

A

r 3% of Earth’s land surface and contain

roughly one-third of the world’s soil carbon (organic)

55
Q

Overharvesting of Sphagnum for the use of peat fuel

contributes to

A

global warming by releasing stored CO2

to the atmosphere

56
Q

first plants to grow tall

A

Ferns and other seedless vascular plants

57
Q

what tissue allowed plants to grow much taller

A

• Vascular tissue

58
Q

Like bryophytes, seedless vascular plants have

A

flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to

moist environments

59
Q

• In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of

seedless vascular plants

A

the larger, more

complex alternative generation life cycle

60
Q

Living vascular plants are characterized by

A 
Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
– Transport in vascular tissues called 
xylem and phloem
– Well-developed roots and leaves
– Spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls
61
Q

Rhizoids

A

anchor gametophytes to substrate

62
Q

examples of sporophytes

A

leafy plants

63
Q

example of gametophytes

A

tiny plants growing

on or below the soil surface

64
Q

what are the 2 types of vascular tissue in vascular plants

A

xylem and phloem

65
Q

Xylem

A

conducts most of the water and minerals

66
Q

tracheids

A
  • tube shaped cells

- carry water and minerals up from the roots

67
Q

Water-conducting cells of the xylem are strengthened by

A

a polymer lignin and provide structural

support

68
Q

taller plants vs smaller plants for sunlight

A

-taller able to compete better

69
Q

Phloem tissue are arranged

A

tubes for transport of organic materials (sugar, amino acids etc

70
Q

roots

A

organs that anchor vascular plants into

ground

71
Q

what do leaves do

A

increase the surface area for the light capture and conduct most of the photosynthesis in plants

72
Q

leaves are categorized by two types

A
  • microphylls

- megaphylls

73
Q

microphylls

A

small, often spine-shaped leaves with

a single vein, are found only in lycophytes

74
Q

megaphylls

A

larger leaves with a highly branched

vascular system, are found in all other plant groups

75
Q

sporophylls are modified leaves with what

A

sporangia

76
Q

sori

A

clusters of sporangia on the undersides of fern

sporophylls

77
Q

many lycophytes and most gymnosperms have

A

strobili

78
Q

strobili

A

clumps of sporophylls in cone-like structures

79
Q

The sporophylls of angiosperms are called

A

carpels and stamens

80
Q

Most seedless vascular plants are

A

homosporous

81
Q

bisexual gametophyte

A

male and female gametes

82
Q

heterosporous

A

All seed plants and some seedless vascular

83
Q

megaspores

A

give rise to female gametophytes,

84
Q

microscpores

A

give rise to male gametophytes

85
Q

two clades of seedless vascular

plants

A

– Phylum Lycophyta includes club mosses, spike
mosses, and quillworts
– Phylum Monilophyta includes ferns, horsetails, and
whisk ferns and their relatives

86
Q

Lycophytes grow in

A

diverse habitats

87
Q

Some gametophytes are

A

photosynthetic; others form below ground symbioses with fungi

88
Q

Sporophytes have both

A

leaf-forming upright

stems, and ground-hugging root-forming stems

89
Q

Spikemosses and quillworts are all heterosporous

A

clubmosses and homosporou

90
Q

spikemosses and clubmosses have strobili

A

sporophylls clustered into club-shaped cones

91
Q

what is the most widespread seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species

A

ferns

92
Q

ferns are most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in

A

temperate forests

93
Q

Horsetails sporophytes have jointed…

A

stems with rings of small leaves branches

94
Q

horestails are

A

homosporous (cone releasing spores)

95
Q

whisk ferns resemble

A

ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns
– All are homosporous

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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