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Biology 1306 > Chapter 53 Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 53 Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a population

A

group of individuals of a single species in the same general area

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2
Q

how are populations described

A

by their boundaries and their size

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3
Q

what is population ecology

A

how biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demogrpahics

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4
Q

what is density

A

of individuals in a particular area

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5
Q

what is dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within boundaries of a population

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6
Q

what is demography

A

study of birth/death/ migration rates of a population over time

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7
Q

is it practical to count all individuals in a poulation

A

no

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8
Q

what do ecologists use to count population

A

sampling techniques to estimate densities and total populations
or the mark-recapture method

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9
Q

what is the mark recapture method

A

capture, tag and release individuals in a population

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10
Q

density is the result of what

A

interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals

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11
Q

what is immigration

A

influx of new individuals from other areas

births increase populations

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12
Q

what is emigration

A

the movement of individuals out of a population, and deaths decrease the populaiotn

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13
Q

what is the pattern of dispersion determined by

A

spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population

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14
Q

what can differences in spacing show

A

biotic and abiotic factors affecting individuals

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15
Q

what influences the spacing of indivuals

A

envirionmental and social factors

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16
Q

what are the 3 types of dsitribution

A

clumped, uniform

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17
Q

what is the most common pattern of dispersion

A

clumped

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18
Q

what is ciumped dispersion

A

individuals aggregate in patches

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19
Q

what is an example of clumped dispersion

A

insects and salamanders are clumped under the same log

20
Q

what can influence clump dispersions

A

mating behavior and group predation or defense

21
Q

what is a benefit of clumped dispersion

A

more individuals into groups can increase the effectiveness of predation or defense

22
Q

what is uniform dispersion

A

evenly spaced, that results from direct interactions between individuals in the population

23
Q

why do animals show uniform dispersion

A

antagonistic social interactions

24
Q

what is territoriality

A

the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

25
Q

what is random dispersion

A

unpredictable spacing that occurs in the absence of strong attractions or replusions among indivudals or where key physical or chemical factors are relatively constant

26
Q

what is demography

A

study of key characteristics of populations and how they change over time

27
Q

what is a life table

A

summarizes the survival and reproductive rates of individuals in specific age-groups within a population

28
Q

what is a cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age from birth until all the individuals are dead

29
Q

how do you build the life table

A

determine the proportion of cohort that survives from one age-group to the next

30
Q

what is a survivorship curve

A

a plot of the proportion of numbers in a cohort still alive @ that age

31
Q

what is the description of a type 1 survivorship curve

A

low death rates during early and middle life and a sharp increase in death rates later in life

32
Q

where is type 1 found

A

in large mammals

33
Q

type 2 curve

A

constant death rate over organisms life span

34
Q

type 3 species

A

high death rates for the young and lower death rate for survivors
- produce a lot of offspring but can’t take care of them

35
Q

what can be used to estimate the number of breeding females

A

direct counts, mark-recapture, molecular tools like DNA profiling

36
Q

what is the exponential model

A

describes populaiton in an idealized, unlimited environment

37
Q

what is the equation for population growth

A

dN/dt = rN

- N: pop size

38
Q

the bigger the rate of constant….

A

the faster the rate of population

39
Q

why do large populations grow faster than smaller ones

A

they have more individuals

40
Q

population with larger r….

A

grows faster than one with smaller r

41
Q

can a population keep growing and growing

A

no because there won’t be a lot of resources

42
Q

what is the logistic population growth

A

pop growth approaches 0 as the populaiton size nears the carrying capacity

43
Q

what is the equation for the logistics model

A

dN/dt = rN (K-N/K)

44
Q

what shape does a logistics model have

A

sigmoid (s-shape)

45
Q

what does life-history comprise

A

the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival

46
Q

what are the 3 components of an organisms life history

A

the age, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode

47
Q

the age at first reproduction varies with

A

the type of species it is

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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