chapter 40 Flashcards
what do all animals need to do
obtain nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection and survive to produce off so
what is anatomy
biological structure
what is physiology
biological function
what affects the way an animal interacts with its environment
size and shape
the body plan of an animal is programmed by
the genome itself, the product of million of years of evolution
what do the physical laws do
govern strength, diffusion, movement of heat and exchange and limit the range of animal forms
what limits the possible shapes for fast swimming animals
properties of water
what often results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge
convergent evolution
when animals increase in size what type of skeleton is required for support
thick skeletons
what do muscles required for locomotion represent
a larger fraction of the total body mass
at some point mobility becomes
limited
what needs to be exchanged across the plasma membranes of animal cells
nutrients
what is proportional to a cells surface area
a rate of exchange
what cell has sufficient surface area to carry out the necessary exchange
single celled organisms
description of a multicellular organisms
- saclike body
- body walls that are two cells thick
- facilliate diffusion of materials
what are the cells in tapeworms in contact with
their environment
what do adaptations like specialized extensively branched or folded structures enable
sufficient exchange with the environment
most animals are composed of
cells that are organized into tissues with different functions
tissues make up what
organs, which make up the organ system
a complex body plan helps animal how
maintain a relatively stable internal environment
what are the 4 main types of animal tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what does the epithelial tissue cover
the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities
what is the shape of the epithelial
cubodial, columnar or squamos
what is the arrangement of the epithelial
simple, stratified, pseudodatrified
how many layers is the simple epithelial
single layer
how many layers is the stratified epithelial
multiple tiers of cells
how many layers is the pseudostratified
single layer of cells varying length
what tissue binds and supports other tissues
connective
what is connective tissue
sparsely packed cells scattered throughtout an extracellular matrix
what are the 3 types of connective tissue
collagenous, reticular, elastic fibers
what is collagenous fiber
provide strength and flexability
what is reticular fiber
join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
what is elastic fibers
stretch and snap back to their original length
what cells do connective tissues contain
fibroblasts and macrophages
what are fibroblasts
secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
what are macrophages
involved in the immune system
in vertebrates the fibers and the foundation combine to form
6 major types of connective tissues
what is loose connective tissue
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
what are fibrous connective tissues
found in tendons which attach muscles to bones and ligaments which connect bones at joints
what is mineralized and forms the skeleton
bone
what is the function of adipose tissue
stores fat for insulation and fuel
what is a strong and flexivle support material
cartilage
what is muscle tissue responsible for
all types of body movement
what does muscle tissues consist of
filaments of proteins actin and myosin
what do proteins actin and myosin enable
the muscles to contract
what is skeletal muscle
voluntary movement
what is the smooth muscle used for
involuntary movement
what is the cardiac muscle used for
contraction of the heart
what is the function of nervous tissue
processing and transmittion of information
what is nerve tissue made up of and that do the cells do
neurons or nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
what is the function of glial cells
they support the cells
what are the 2 major systems that animals have for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli
endocrine and nervous syetem
control and coordination within a body depend on what
endocrine and nervous system
how does the endocrine system function
releases signaling molecules called hormones into the bloodstream
what region can a hormone affect
there is not a specific region but it can affect regions throughout the body
are hormones slow acting or fast acting
slow acting with long lasting effect
what does the nervous system do
transmits informaiton between specific locations
is nerve signal transmission fast or slow
very fast
what is the endocrine system well adapted for
coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body like growth, development, reproduction, digestion and metabolic processes
what are the 5 things the endocrine system affects
- growth
- development
- reproduction
- digestion
- metabolic processes
what is the nervous system adapted for
immediate responses
what maintains the internal environment in many animals
feedback control
what is a regulator
uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctiation
what is a conformer
allows its internal conditin to vary with certain external changes
what do organisms use homeostasis for
to maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment
what things are maintained at a constant level in humans
body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration
what does homeostasis in animals rely on
negative feedback which helps to return a variable to normal range
what is positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
what 3 things do homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve
form, function and behavior
what is thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range
how do endothermic animals generate heat
by metabolism
what are some exampls of endothermic animals
birds and mammals
what is unique about endotherms
maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in environmental temperature
what is more expensive endothermy or ectothermy
endothermy
what can ectotherms tolerate
greater variation in internal temperature
the body temperature of a homeotherm is what
constant
the body temperature of poikilotherm varies with what
its environment
what are the 4 physical processes that organisms exchange heat
- radiaiton
- evaporation
- convection
- conduction
what body system is involved in heat regulation in mammals
integumentary system
what is the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
what are the 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
- insulation
- circulatory adaptations
- cooling and evaporative heat loss
- behavioral responses
- adjusting metabolic heat production
what is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds
insulation
skin, feathers, and fur reduce what
heat flow between an animal and its environment
what affects thermoregulation
regulation of blood flow near the body surface
what can endotherms and ectotherms do with blood
alter the amount of blood flowing between body core and skin
what happens in vasodilation
blood flow in the skin decreases lowering heat loss
what does the arrangement of blood vessels in many many marine mammals in birds allow
for countercurrent exchange
what is a countercurrent exchange
transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss
o Many mammals and birds live in places where regulating the body temperature requires
cooling in addition to warming of the body
how can animals lose heat through their skin
evaporation of water from their skin
how does sweating or bathing cool the skin
it moistens the skin and colls the animal down
what does panting do
increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals
what do ectotherms and endotherms use to control body temp
behavioral temps
how do ectotherms and endotherms control body temp
- seek warm places when cold and orient themselves toward heat sources
- when hot they bathe and move closer to cooler areas
what contributes to thermoregulation in both endotherms and ectotherms
social behavior
what increases thermogenesis
muscle activity like moving shivering
when does nonshivering thermogenesis take place
when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity
what is the function of brown fat (animals)
specialized for rapid heat production
