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Biology 1306 > chapter 40 > Flashcards

chapter 40 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do all animals need to do

A

obtain nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection and survive to produce off so

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2
Q

what is anatomy

A

biological structure

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3
Q

what is physiology

A

biological function

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4
Q

what affects the way an animal interacts with its environment

A

size and shape

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5
Q

the body plan of an animal is programmed by

A

the genome itself, the product of million of years of evolution

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6
Q

what do the physical laws do

A

govern strength, diffusion, movement of heat and exchange and limit the range of animal forms

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7
Q

what limits the possible shapes for fast swimming animals

A

properties of water

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8
Q

what often results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge

A

convergent evolution

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9
Q

when animals increase in size what type of skeleton is required for support

A

thick skeletons

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10
Q

what do muscles required for locomotion represent

A

a larger fraction of the total body mass

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11
Q

at some point mobility becomes

A

limited

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12
Q

what needs to be exchanged across the plasma membranes of animal cells

A

nutrients

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13
Q

what is proportional to a cells surface area

A

a rate of exchange

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14
Q

what cell has sufficient surface area to carry out the necessary exchange

A

single celled organisms

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15
Q

description of a multicellular organisms

A
  • saclike body
  • body walls that are two cells thick
  • facilliate diffusion of materials
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16
Q

what are the cells in tapeworms in contact with

A

their environment

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17
Q

what do adaptations like specialized extensively branched or folded structures enable

A

sufficient exchange with the environment

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18
Q

most animals are composed of

A

cells that are organized into tissues with different functions

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19
Q

tissues make up what

A

organs, which make up the organ system

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20
Q

a complex body plan helps animal how

A

maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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21
Q

what are the 4 main types of animal tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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22
Q

what does the epithelial tissue cover

A

the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities

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23
Q

what is the shape of the epithelial

A

cubodial, columnar or squamos

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24
Q

what is the arrangement of the epithelial

A

simple, stratified, pseudodatrified

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25
Q

how many layers is the simple epithelial

A

single layer

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26
Q

how many layers is the stratified epithelial

A

multiple tiers of cells

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27
Q

how many layers is the pseudostratified

A

single layer of cells varying length

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28
Q

what tissue binds and supports other tissues

A

connective

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29
Q

what is connective tissue

A

sparsely packed cells scattered throughtout an extracellular matrix

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30
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue

A

collagenous, reticular, elastic fibers

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31
Q

what is collagenous fiber

A

provide strength and flexability

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32
Q

what is reticular fiber

A

join connective tissue to adjacent tissue

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33
Q

what is elastic fibers

A

stretch and snap back to their original length

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34
Q

what cells do connective tissues contain

A

fibroblasts and macrophages

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35
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

secrete the protein of extracellular fibers

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36
Q

what are macrophages

A

involved in the immune system

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37
Q

in vertebrates the fibers and the foundation combine to form

A

6 major types of connective tissues

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38
Q

what is loose connective tissue

A

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

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39
Q

what are fibrous connective tissues

A

found in tendons which attach muscles to bones and ligaments which connect bones at joints

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40
Q

what is mineralized and forms the skeleton

A

bone

41
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue

A

stores fat for insulation and fuel

42
Q

what is a strong and flexivle support material

A

cartilage

43
Q

what is muscle tissue responsible for

A

all types of body movement

44
Q

what does muscle tissues consist of

A

filaments of proteins actin and myosin

45
Q

what do proteins actin and myosin enable

A

the muscles to contract

46
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movement

47
Q

what is the smooth muscle used for

A

involuntary movement

48
Q

what is the cardiac muscle used for

A

contraction of the heart

49
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue

A

processing and transmittion of information

50
Q

what is nerve tissue made up of and that do the cells do

A

neurons or nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses

51
Q

what is the function of glial cells

A

they support the cells

52
Q

what are the 2 major systems that animals have for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli

A

endocrine and nervous syetem

53
Q

control and coordination within a body depend on what

A

endocrine and nervous system

54
Q

how does the endocrine system function

A

releases signaling molecules called hormones into the bloodstream

55
Q

what region can a hormone affect

A

there is not a specific region but it can affect regions throughout the body

56
Q

are hormones slow acting or fast acting

A

slow acting with long lasting effect

57
Q

what does the nervous system do

A

transmits informaiton between specific locations

58
Q

is nerve signal transmission fast or slow

A

very fast

59
Q

what is the endocrine system well adapted for

A

coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body like growth, development, reproduction, digestion and metabolic processes

60
Q

what are the 5 things the endocrine system affects

A
  1. growth
  2. development
  3. reproduction
  4. digestion
  5. metabolic processes
61
Q

what is the nervous system adapted for

A

immediate responses

62
Q

what maintains the internal environment in many animals

A

feedback control

63
Q

what is a regulator

A

uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctiation

64
Q

what is a conformer

A

allows its internal conditin to vary with certain external changes

65
Q

what do organisms use homeostasis for

A

to maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment

66
Q

what things are maintained at a constant level in humans

A

body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration

67
Q

what does homeostasis in animals rely on

A

negative feedback which helps to return a variable to normal range

68
Q

what is positive feedback

A

amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals

69
Q

what 3 things do homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve

A

form, function and behavior

70
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range

71
Q

how do endothermic animals generate heat

A

by metabolism

72
Q

what are some exampls of endothermic animals

A

birds and mammals

73
Q

what is unique about endotherms

A

maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in environmental temperature

74
Q

what is more expensive endothermy or ectothermy

A

endothermy

75
Q

what can ectotherms tolerate

A

greater variation in internal temperature

76
Q

the body temperature of a homeotherm is what

A

constant

77
Q

the body temperature of poikilotherm varies with what

A

its environment

78
Q

what are the 4 physical processes that organisms exchange heat

A
  • radiaiton
  • evaporation
  • convection
  • conduction
79
Q

what body system is involved in heat regulation in mammals

A

integumentary system

80
Q

what is the integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

81
Q

what are the 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

A
  • insulation
  • circulatory adaptations
  • cooling and evaporative heat loss
  • behavioral responses
  • adjusting metabolic heat production
82
Q

what is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds

A

insulation

83
Q

skin, feathers, and fur reduce what

A

heat flow between an animal and its environment

84
Q

what affects thermoregulation

A

regulation of blood flow near the body surface

85
Q

what can endotherms and ectotherms do with blood

A

alter the amount of blood flowing between body core and skin

86
Q

what happens in vasodilation

A

blood flow in the skin decreases lowering heat loss

87
Q

what does the arrangement of blood vessels in many many marine mammals in birds allow

A

for countercurrent exchange

88
Q

what is a countercurrent exchange

A

transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss

89
Q

o Many mammals and birds live in places where regulating the body temperature requires

A

cooling in addition to warming of the body

90
Q

how can animals lose heat through their skin

A

evaporation of water from their skin

91
Q

how does sweating or bathing cool the skin

A

it moistens the skin and colls the animal down

92
Q

what does panting do

A

increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals

93
Q

what do ectotherms and endotherms use to control body temp

A

behavioral temps

94
Q

how do ectotherms and endotherms control body temp

A
  • seek warm places when cold and orient themselves toward heat sources
  • when hot they bathe and move closer to cooler areas
95
Q

what contributes to thermoregulation in both endotherms and ectotherms

A

social behavior

96
Q

what increases thermogenesis

A

muscle activity like moving shivering

97
Q

when does nonshivering thermogenesis take place

A

when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

98
Q

what is the function of brown fat (animals)

A

specialized for rapid heat production

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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