Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
How can animals extract the nutrients they
need from food while not digesting their own tissues?
A
An animal digests food using
compartmentalized processing in a tubelike system
2
Q
why is the tubelike system important
A
protects body tissues
while allowing enzymes and acids to
break down nutrients.
3
Q
what are the 3 needs of an animal
A
- chemical energy
- organic building blocks
- essential nutrients
4
Q
what the 4 classes of essential nutrients
A
- essential amino acids
- essential fatty acids
- vitamins
- minerals
5
Q
what does food processing involve
A
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
6
Q
what is ingestion and digestion
A
ingestion is when you eat
digestion is the process of breaking down the food
7
Q
what is absorption
A
uptake of small molecules by body cells
8
Q
what is elimination
A
the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system
9
Q
what are the 4 main feeding mechanisms
A
- filter feederss
- substrate feeders
- fluid feeders
- bulk feeders
10
Q
what do filter feeders do
A
sift small food particles from the water
11
Q
what are substrate feeders
A
live in or on their food source
12
Q
what do fluid feeders do
A
suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host
13
Q
what do bulk feeders do
A
eat relatively large pieces of food most animals including humans feed this way
14
Q
what are the 2 processes of digestion
A
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
15
Q
what is mechanical digestion
A
chewing or grinidng
16
Q
what is chemical digestion
A
enzymes breakdown food into small molecules that can pass through membranes
17
Q
what are the two digestive compartments
A
- intracellular digestion
2. extracellular digestion
18
Q
what is intracellular digestion
A
food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis(solid) or pinocytosis(liquid)
19
Q
examples of intracellular digestion
A
- cellular organelles (food vacuoles) fuse with lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes
- sponges digest their food entirely by this mechanism
20
Q
what is extracellular digestion
A
:breakdown of food particles outside
of cells
21
Q
where does extracellular digestion occur
A
in compartments that are continuous with the outside
of the animal’s body
22
Q
what digestive compartment do animals with simple body plans have
A
digestvie compartment gastrovascular cavity that functions in both the distribution and distribution of nutrients throughout the body
23
Q
what digestive compartment do animals with complex body plan have
A
digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus
24
Q
what is the digestive tube called for complex animals
A
alimentary canal
25
how does food move through the alimentary canal
Food moves in one direction, encountering a
series of specialized compartments that carry
out digestion and nutritarian absorption
26
what do accessory glands do
secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal
27
what are the mammalian accesory glands
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
28
where does food processing begin
oral cavity
29
what do the 3 pairs of salivary glands do and what enzymes do they use
```
deliver saliva (contains
mucus and amylase (which breaks down starch))
```
30
what is the pharynx
the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea
31
what is the trachea
leads to the lungs
32
what is the esophagus
connects to the stomach
33
how does swallowing affect the epiglottis and the bolus
```
causes the epiglottis
to block entry to the trachea,
and the bolus is guided by the
larynx, the upper part of the
respiratory tract
```
34
when does coughing or choking occur
when the swallowing reflex fails and the food or liquids reach the windpipe
35
what is peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal
36
what are the major roles of the stomach
storage of food and process food into a liquid suspension
37
what is chyme
mixture of ingested food and gastric juice
38
what is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal
small intestine
39
what happens in the small intestine
enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food
40
what is the pH of gastric juice
low pH of 2 and it dentures the proteins
41
what is gastric juice made up of
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
42
what is pepsin
protease which breaks peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller peptides
43
what do parietal cells do
secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen of the stomach
44
what do chief cells secrete
inactive pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach
45
what is the job of mucus in the stomach
protects the stomach lining from gastric juice
46
how does cell division affect the epithelial layer
adds a new epithelial layer every three days
47
what is the duodenum
the first portion of the small intestine
48
what does chyme mix with
digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and small intestine itself
49
what does the pancreas produce
1. ) bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidic chyme
| 2. ) proteases
50
what are the proteases
trypsin and chymotrypsin
51
what is fat digestion facilitated by
bile salt
52
what is a bile salt
a major component of bile
53
what is bile
made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
54
where is digestion completed by
the duodenum
55
where does nutrient absorption occur
the remaining regions of the small intestine
56
what does the small intestine have
huge microvilli surface
57
what is does the microvilli do
increases the rate of nutrient absoprtion
58
what does the hepatic portal vein do
carries the nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver
59
where does blood travel from the liver
travels to the heart than other tissues and organs
60
what does the liver regulate
nutrient distribution, interconverts many organic molecules, and detoxifies many organic molecules
61
what do epithelial cells absorb
fatty acids and monoglycerids then recombine them into triglycerides
62
what are fats coated with
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water soluble chylomicrons
63
where are chylomicrons transported into
a lacteal
64
what is a lacteal
a lymphatic vessel in each villus
65
what do lymphatic vessels do
deliver chylomicron- containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart
66
what does the alimentary canal end with
the large intestine
67
what does the large intestine include
the colon, cecum, and rectum
68
what does the colon lead to
the rectum and anus
69
what is the cecum
- where the small intestine large intestine meet
| - in animals it aids in fermenting ingested plant material
70
what does the human cecum have
an extention called the appendix
71
what does the appendix do
finger shaped
| -acts as a reservoir for symbiotic microorganisms
72
what does the colon do with water
the recovery of water that began in the small intestine
73
what is the dental adaptation
an animal's assortment of teeth is one example of structural variation reflecting diet
74
why do mammals have sucess
because of dentition
75
what do nonmammilan vertebrates have
less specialized teeth
76
what type of stomachs do carnivores
large expandable stomachs
77
what do herbivores and omnivores have
longer alimentary canals than carnivores
78
what does a long alimentary canal mean
longer time needed to digest vegetation
79
what does the coexistence of humans and bacteria involve
mutualistic symbiosis
80
what does intestinal bacteria do
- produce vitamins
| - regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of the innate immune system
81
what is the microbiome
the collection of the microorganims living on the body
82
what are some of the differences in the microbiome
diet, disease, age
83
what can H pylori do
disrupt stomach health by eliminating other bacterial species from the stomach
84
what is H pylori
acid tolerant bacterium that has been found to cause stomach ulcers
85
where does fermentation occur
in the esophageal derivations
86
what is the esophageal derivations
rumen, reticulum, and omasum
87
how many times does food pass through rabbits and rodetnws
twice
88
where does the first food chewed go
to the reticulum and the rumen
89
what do microorganisms digest
cellulose from the plant cell wall
90
what are the 4 chambers of when herbivores digest things
1. ) first food chewed
2. ) rechewed the food (further breakdown)
3. ) re-swallowed food goes into the omasum
4. ) abomasum is a true stomach
91
what do giant tubeworms not have
a digestive system
92
how do giant tubeworms obtain nutrients
from mutualistic bacteria within their bodies
93
what is matched to the process that enables an animal to obtain nutrients
the organisms need energy
94
what does the body store
energy-rich molecules that are not needed for metabolism right away
95
in humans what do we store energy as and where
glycogen and energy is stored first in the liver and muscle cells
96
where is excess energy stored in humans
in fat in adipose cells
97
what happens when fewer calories are takin in
the human body depends on liver glycogen first then muscle glycogen and fat
98
what does glucose homeotsasis relies on
predominantly on the effects of insulin and glucagon
99
where is glucagon and insulin made
the pancreas
100
what cells make glucagon
alpha cells
101
what cells make up beta cells
insulin
102
where is the site of glucose homeostasis
liver
103
what does a carbohydrate rich meal do to the body
raises insulin levels,
| which triggers the synthesis of glycogen
104
what does low blood sugar cause
glucagon to stimulate
the breakdown of glycogen and release
glucose
105
what do brain cells do what glucose
they can take up insulin whether insulin is present
106
what is diabetes mellitus
a disease that is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response
to insulin in target tissues
107
what is a descrption of diabetes mellitus
Cells are unable to take up enough glucose to meet metabolic needs
– The level of glucose in the blood may exceed the capacity of the kidneys to reabsorb it
– Sugar in the urine is one test for diabetes
108
what is type 1 diabetes
- insulin dependent
- autoimmune disorder in which the immune system
destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, hence, insulin is not produced
109
what is type 2 diabetes
(non-insulin-dependent) : insulin is produced but the target cell is not
responding
110
what can consumption of more calories than the body needs lead to
obesity
111
what does obesity contribute to
type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, breast
| cancer, heart attacks, and strokes
112
what do hormones regulate for body weight
long-term and short-term appetite by
| affecting a “satiety center” in the brain
113
what is the ghrelin hormone
secreted by the stomach wall and triggers feelings of hunger
114
what is insulin and ppy
(secreted by the small intestine
| after meals), both suppress appetite ty acting on the brain
115
what is leptin
:produced by adipose tissue, also suppresses
| appetite and regulates body fat levels
