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Biology 1306 > Chapter 46: animal reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46: animal reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what different ways can animals reproduce

A

asexual and sexual reproduction

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2
Q

what is asexual reproduction and please give some examples

A 
e generation of offspring without the
fusion of egg and sperm
- budding
-fission
-parthenogenesis
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3
Q

what is sexual reproduction and what is an example

A

the generation of offspring by fusion of
haploid gametes, a male sperm and female egg, to form a diploid
zygote
- hermaphroditism

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4
Q

what is budding

A

simple form of asexual reproduction found among invertebrates

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5
Q

what is fission

A

separation of a parent into two or more individuals of the same size

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6
Q

what is parthenogeneis

A

development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

- mainly observed in invertebrates

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7
Q

what can be challenging for sexually reproducing animals

A

finding a partner

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8
Q

what is hermaphroditsm

A

each individual has
both male and female reproductive
systems
- any 2 individuals can mate under this system

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9
Q

what are sexual females

A

they have half as many daughters compared to asexual females

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10
Q

what is the twofold cost of sexual reproduction

A

Sexual females have half as many
daughters as asexual females; this is
the “twofold cost” of sexual
reproduction

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11
Q

how can sexual reproduction help in an unfavorable environment

A

may promote
reproductive success due to genetically
varied offspring

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12
Q

what reproduction is better in a stable favorable environment

A

asexual reproduction

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13
Q

what controls reproductive cycles

A

hormones and environmental cues

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14
Q

what do animals relate to reproductive cycles

A

the season

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15
Q

what is an important cue in reproduction

A

seasonal temperature

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16
Q

what can decrease reproductive success

A

climate change

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17
Q

what mechanisms does fertilization depend on

A

ones that bring together the sperm and egg of the same species

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18
Q

what is fertilization

A

the union of egg and sperm can be external or internal

19
Q

what is external fertilization and what are some examples

A

: eggs shed by the female are
fertilized by sperm in the external environment
- moist habitat (sperm swims to the egg)
- spawning: individuals cluster in the same area to release their gametes into the water

20
Q

what can triggers spawning

A

chemical signals

21
Q

what is internal fertilization

A

an adaptation that enables sperm to

reach an egg despite a dry external environment

22
Q

what does internal fertilization require

A

behavioral interactions

23
Q

what do mating animals use

A

pheromones

24
Q

what are pheromones

A

chemicals released by one organism that influence the physiology and behavior of individuals of the same species

25
Q

what do internally fertilized eggs have

A

shells and internal membranes

26
Q

what do shells and internal membranes do for the internal eggs

A
  • protect against water loss and physical damage

- some animals retain the embryo which develops inside the female

27
Q

what is internal fertilization is typically associated with

A

the production of fewer gametes but the survival of a higher fraction of zygotes

28
Q

what do you need to do to reproduce asexually

A

animals must produce gametes from percursor cells

29
Q

what are gonads

A

organs that produce gametes

30
Q

if an organism doesn’t have gonads what do they do

A

use undifferentiated tissue

31
Q

what is the elaborate system

A

: sets of accessory tubes
and glands that carry, nourish, and protect gametes
and developing embryos

32
Q

what does a female insect have

A

spermatheca where sperm is stored during copulation

33
Q

what do most insects have

A

separate sexes with complex reproductive syste,

34
Q

what are the male reproductive external organs

A

scrotum and penis

35
Q

what are the male internal reprod. organs

A

gonads, accessory glands, ducts

36
Q

what are the gonads

A

produce sperm and hormones

37
Q

what are the accessory glands

A

secrete products needed for sperm movement

38
Q

what do the male ducts do

A

carry sperm

39
Q

what is seminiferous tubules

A

where sperm production happens

40
Q

how does sperm travel

A
  1. ) seminiferous tubules
  2. ) epididymis
  3. ) ejaculation through the vas deferens
41
Q

what is the epidiymis

A

coiled duct where sperm passes

42
Q

what is the vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct

A
  • where sperm is pushed through and it exits the urethra
43
Q

what can’t occur at the body temperatures

A

the production of normal sperm

44
Q

flow of sperm

A

gonads –> seminiferous tubules–> sperm seminiferous tubules (sperm) –> epididymis ejaculation—> vas deferens—> urethra

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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