Chapter 46: animal reproduction

Question 1

what different ways can animals reproduce

Answer 1

asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 2

what is asexual reproduction and please give some examples

Answer 2

e generation of offspring without the
fusion of egg and sperm
- budding
-fission
-parthenogenesis

Question 3

what is sexual reproduction and what is an example

Answer 3

the generation of offspring by fusion of
haploid gametes, a male sperm and female egg, to form a diploid
zygote
- hermaphroditism

Question 4

what is budding

Answer 4

simple form of asexual reproduction found among invertebrates

Question 5

what is fission

Answer 5

separation of a parent into two or more individuals of the same size

Question 6

what is parthenogeneis

Answer 6

development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

- mainly observed in invertebrates

Question 7

what can be challenging for sexually reproducing animals

Answer 7

finding a partner

Question 8

what is hermaphroditsm

Answer 8

each individual has
both male and female reproductive
systems
- any 2 individuals can mate under this system

Question 9

what are sexual females

Answer 9

they have half as many daughters compared to asexual females

Question 10

what is the twofold cost of sexual reproduction

Answer 10

Sexual females have half as many
daughters as asexual females; this is
the “twofold cost” of sexual
reproduction

Question 11

how can sexual reproduction help in an unfavorable environment

Answer 11

may promote
reproductive success due to genetically
varied offspring

Question 12

what reproduction is better in a stable favorable environment

Answer 12

asexual reproduction

Question 13

what controls reproductive cycles

Answer 13

hormones and environmental cues

Question 14

what do animals relate to reproductive cycles

Answer 14

the season

Question 15

what is an important cue in reproduction

Answer 15

seasonal temperature

Question 16

what can decrease reproductive success

Answer 16

climate change

Question 17

what mechanisms does fertilization depend on

Answer 17

ones that bring together the sperm and egg of the same species

Question 18

what is fertilization

Answer 18

the union of egg and sperm can be external or internal

Question 19

what is external fertilization and what are some examples

Answer 19

: eggs shed by the female are
fertilized by sperm in the external environment
- moist habitat (sperm swims to the egg)
- spawning: individuals cluster in the same area to release their gametes into the water

Question 20

what can triggers spawning

Answer 20

chemical signals

Question 21

what is internal fertilization

Answer 21

an adaptation that enables sperm to

reach an egg despite a dry external environment

Question 22

what does internal fertilization require

Answer 22

behavioral interactions

Question 23

what do mating animals use

Answer 23

pheromones

Question 24

what are pheromones

Answer 24

chemicals released by one organism that influence the physiology and behavior of individuals of the same species

Question 25

what do internally fertilized eggs have

Answer 25

shells and internal membranes

Question 26

what do shells and internal membranes do for the internal eggs

Answer 26

- protect against water loss and physical damage | - some animals retain the embryo which develops inside the female

Question 27

what is internal fertilization is typically associated with

Answer 27

the production of fewer gametes but the survival of a higher fraction of zygotes

Question 28

what do you need to do to reproduce asexually

Answer 28

animals must produce gametes from percursor cells

Question 29

what are gonads

Answer 29

organs that produce gametes

Question 30

if an organism doesn't have gonads what do they do

Answer 30

use undifferentiated tissue

Question 31

what is the elaborate system

Answer 31

: sets of accessory tubes and glands that carry, nourish, and protect gametes and developing embryos

Question 32

what does a female insect have

Answer 32

spermatheca where sperm is stored during copulation

Question 33

what do most insects have

Answer 33

separate sexes with complex reproductive syste,

Question 34

what are the male reproductive external organs

Answer 34

scrotum and penis

Question 35

what are the male internal reprod. organs

Answer 35

gonads, accessory glands, ducts

Question 36

what are the gonads

Answer 36

produce sperm and hormones

Question 37

what are the accessory glands

Answer 37

secrete products needed for sperm movement

Question 38

what do the male ducts do

Answer 38

carry sperm

Question 39

what is seminiferous tubules

Answer 39

where sperm production happens

Question 40

how does sperm travel

Answer 40

1. ) seminiferous tubules 2. ) epididymis 3. ) ejaculation through the vas deferens

Question 41

what is the epidiymis

Answer 41

coiled duct where sperm passes

Question 42

what is the vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct

Answer 42

- where sperm is pushed through and it exits the urethra

Question 43

what can't occur at the body temperatures

Answer 43

the production of normal sperm

Question 44

flow of sperm

Answer 44

gonads --> seminiferous tubules--> sperm seminiferous tubules (sperm) --> epididymis ejaculation---> vas deferens---> urethra