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BI158 > Chapter 52.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 52.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are savannas found?

A

in equatorial and subequatorial regions

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2
Q

What is precipitation like in savannas?

A

Seasonal precipitation with long dry seasons

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3
Q

How is the temperature like in savannas?

A

Although it doesn’t vary much in temperature, it is more seasonal than the tropics

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4
Q

What makes up the ecosystem of a savanna? (3)

A

Gasses and forb make up most of the ground

Dominant plants are fire-adapted and heat-tolerant

Insects and mammals like zebras and lions are common

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5
Q

How do humans interact with savannas?

A

setting fire to maintain the biome

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6
Q

Where are chaparrals found?

A

midlatitude coastal regions

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7
Q

What is precipitation like in chaparrals?

A

Highly seasonal precipitations with rainy winters and dry summer

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8
Q

How have chaparral plants adapted?

A

Plants are adapted to fire and drought

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9
Q

How has humans interacted with chaparrals?

A

Humans have urbanized chaparrals

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10
Q

Where are temperate grasslands found?

A

in many continents

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11
Q

what is climate like in temperate grasslands? (2)

A

Seasonal precipitations

Cold, dry winters, and hot wet summers

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12
Q

What makes up the ecosystem of temperate grasslands? (2)

A

Plants adapted to droughts and fire

Animals are large grazers and small burrowers

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13
Q

How has humans interacted with temperate grasslands?

A

Humans have converted most to farmland

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14
Q

What is the largest terrestrial biome?

A

northern coniferous forests

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15
Q

What are northern coniferous forests also known as?

A

taiga

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16
Q

Where are northern coniferous forests found?

A

spans North America and Eurasia

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17
Q

What is the climate like in northern coniferous forests? (2)

A

Varying precipitations

Some have periodic droughts, others are wet

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18
Q

What makes up the ecosystem of northern coniferous forests? (2)

A

Includes conifers like pine

Migratory animals and large mammals

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19
Q

How has conifers adapted in northern coniferous forests?

A

The conical shape of conifers prevents snow from accumulating and breaking branches

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20
Q

How has humans interacted with northern coniferous forests?

A

Currently being logged at an alarming rate

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21
Q

Where are temperate broadleaf forests found?

A

Midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere

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22
Q

What is climate like in temperate broadleaf forests?

A

Lots of precipitation in all seasons

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23
Q

What makes up the ecosystem in temperate broadleaf forests? (2)

A

vertical layering

hibernating mammals

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24
Q

How do trees differ in different temperate broadleaf forests?

A

Dominant trees are deciduous trees in the Northern Hemisphere

Evergreen eucalyptus in Australia

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25
How do humans interact with temperate broadleaf forests?
Humans have heavily settled in these biomes
26
Where are tundras found?
Covers the Arctic and high mountaintops
27
What is climate like in tundras? (2)
Low precipitations in the Arctic, higher in the Alpine Cool summers and cold winters
28
What is the ecosystem like in tundras? (2)
herbaceous vegetation large mammals and migratory birds
29
Why can't large plants grow in tundras?
due to permafrost
30
How has humans interacted with tundras? (2)
sparse settlement site of oil and mineral extraction
31
How are aquatic biomes characterized? (5)
physical environment chemical environment geological features photosynthetic organisms heterotrophs
32
How do aquatic biomes differ from terrestrial biomes?
Shows less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes
33
What are the two types of aquatic biomes?
freshwater marine
34
What is the salt concentration of marine biomes?
3%
35
what is the largest marine biome?
Oceans are the largest, making up 75% of Earth’s surface
36
What is the salt concentration of freshwater biomes?
less than .1%
37
What are freshwater biomes linked to?
soils and biotic components of the surrounding terrestrial biome
38
How are aquatic biomes seperated?
stratified into zones
39
How are zones defined? (3)
light penetrance temperature depth
40
what is the photic zone?
layer with sufficient light for photosynthesis
41
What is the aphotic zone?
receives little light
42
What is the pelagic zone?
zone made up by photic and aphotic zone
43
What is the abyssal zone?
2,000 to 6,000 meters deep in the aphotic zone
44
what is the benthic zone?
bottom of all zones, with organic and inorganic nutrients
45
what are benthos?
organisms in the benthic zone
46
what is detritus?
dead organic matter, falling from the surface
47
why is detritus important?
acts as a food source for those in lower zones
48
What is thermocline? (2)
temperature boundaries in oceans Warm upper layer and cold deeper water
49
What is turnover?
semiannual mixing of water lakes undergo
50
What occurs during turnover?
Mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom
51
How do communities in aquatic differ? (4)
depth light penetrance distance from shore position in zone
52
How do life differ between zones? (2)
Most organisms live in the shallow photic zone Aphotic zones are extensive but harbor little life
53
How do temperate lakes differ from tropical lowland lakes?
Temperate lakes- seasonal thermocline Tropical lowland lakes- year-round thermocline
54
What are oligotrophic lakes?
nutrient-poor and oxygen-rich
55
What are eutrophic lakes?
nutrient-rich and low-oxygen in deep zones or during the winter when covered in ice
56
How do oligotrophic lakes differ from eutrophic lakes?
Oligotrophic lakes have less surface area than eutrophic lakes
57
What is the littoral zone?
close to land rooted and floating aquatic plants inhabit this zone
58
What is the limnetic zone, and what occurs there?
too deep to support rooted aquatic plant Zooplankton graze on phytoplankton in the zone
59
What zones are invertebrates common in?
benthic zones
60
what zones are fish common in?
all zones with sufficient oxygen
61
How do humans interact with aquatic biomes?
nutrient enrichment leading to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish death
62
What is the most productive biome?
wetlands
63
What are wetlands?
Habitats that are partially submerged by water
64
How have plants adapted to wetlands?
adapted to water-saturated soil
65
What environmental functions occur in wetlands? (2)
High organic production and decomposition purifies water and reduces flooding
66
What must organisms in wetlands adapt to?
low dissolved oxygen
67
What do wetlands develop in?
Develop in shallow basins, flooded river banks, or water body coasts
68
What organisms are found in wetlands?
Home to invertebrates, birds, and aquatic mammals like otters
69
How has humans interacted with wetlands?
destroyed 90% of wetlands
70
What is the prominent physical characteristics of streams and rivers?
current
71
What are headwater characteristics (2), and what is found in them (2)?
cold, clear, swift, and oxygen-rich Narrow and rocky Rich in phytoplankton and rooted plants
72
What are downstream water characteristics? (2)
warmer, turbid, and well-oxygenated Wide and meandering with silty bottoms
73
How has humans interacted with streams and rivers (2)?
polluting and degrading water quality, killing organisms damming and flood control impairing natural function and ecosystem
74
What are estuaries?
transition area between river and seas
75
What are 3 physical characteristics of estuaries?
Salinity varies with the tides Nutrient-rich and highly productive Include a complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats
76
What are the primary producers in estuaries?
Saltmarsh grasses and algae
77
How has humans interacted with estuaries?
Human interference upstream have disrupted estuaries

BI158 (16 decks)

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