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BI158 > Chapter 52.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 52.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are savannas found?

A

in equatorial and subequatorial regions

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2
Q

What is precipitation like in savannas?

A

Seasonal precipitation with long dry seasons

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3
Q

How is the temperature like in savannas?

A

Although it doesn’t vary much in temperature, it is more seasonal than the tropics

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4
Q

What makes up the ecosystem of a savanna? (3)

A

Gasses and forb make up most of the ground

Dominant plants are fire-adapted and heat-tolerant

Insects and mammals like zebras and lions are common

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5
Q

How do humans interact with savannas?

A

setting fire to maintain the biome

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6
Q

Where are chaparrals found?

A

midlatitude coastal regions

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7
Q

What is precipitation like in chaparrals?

A

Highly seasonal precipitations with rainy winters and dry summer

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8
Q

How have chaparral plants adapted?

A

Plants are adapted to fire and drought

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9
Q

How has humans interacted with chaparrals?

A

Humans have urbanized chaparrals

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10
Q

Where are temperate grasslands found?

A

in many continents

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11
Q

what is climate like in temperate grasslands? (2)

A

Seasonal precipitations

Cold, dry winters, and hot wet summers

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12
Q

What makes up the ecosystem of temperate grasslands? (2)

A

Plants adapted to droughts and fire

Animals are large grazers and small burrowers

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13
Q

How has humans interacted with temperate grasslands?

A

Humans have converted most to farmland

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14
Q

What is the largest terrestrial biome?

A

northern coniferous forests

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15
Q

What are northern coniferous forests also known as?

A

taiga

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16
Q

Where are northern coniferous forests found?

A

spans North America and Eurasia

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17
Q

What is the climate like in northern coniferous forests? (2)

A

Varying precipitations

Some have periodic droughts, others are wet

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18
Q

What makes up the ecosystem of northern coniferous forests? (2)

A

Includes conifers like pine

Migratory animals and large mammals

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19
Q

How has conifers adapted in northern coniferous forests?

A

The conical shape of conifers prevents snow from accumulating and breaking branches

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20
Q

How has humans interacted with northern coniferous forests?

A

Currently being logged at an alarming rate

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21
Q

Where are temperate broadleaf forests found?

A

Midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere

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22
Q

What is climate like in temperate broadleaf forests?

A

Lots of precipitation in all seasons

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23
Q

What makes up the ecosystem in temperate broadleaf forests? (2)

A

vertical layering

hibernating mammals

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24
Q

How do trees differ in different temperate broadleaf forests?

A

Dominant trees are deciduous trees in the Northern Hemisphere

Evergreen eucalyptus in Australia

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25
Q

How do humans interact with temperate broadleaf forests?

A

Humans have heavily settled in these biomes

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26
Q

Where are tundras found?

A

Covers the Arctic and high mountaintops

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27
Q

What is climate like in tundras? (2)

A

Low precipitations in the Arctic, higher in the Alpine

Cool summers and cold winters

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28
Q

What is the ecosystem like in tundras? (2)

A

herbaceous vegetation

large mammals and migratory birds

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29
Q

Why can’t large plants grow in tundras?

A

due to permafrost

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30
Q

How has humans interacted with tundras? (2)

A

sparse settlement

site of oil and mineral extraction

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31
Q

How are aquatic biomes characterized? (5)

A

physical environment

chemical environment

geological features

photosynthetic organisms

heterotrophs

32
Q

How do aquatic biomes differ from terrestrial biomes?

A

Shows less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes

33
Q

What are the two types of aquatic biomes?

A

freshwater

marine

34
Q

What is the salt concentration of marine biomes?

A

3%

35
Q

what is the largest marine biome?

A

Oceans are the largest, making up 75% of Earth’s surface

36
Q

What is the salt concentration of freshwater biomes?

A

less than .1%

37
Q

What are freshwater biomes linked to?

A

soils and biotic components of the surrounding terrestrial biome

38
Q

How are aquatic biomes seperated?

A

stratified into zones

39
Q

How are zones defined? (3)

A

light penetrance

temperature

depth

40
Q

what is the photic zone?

A

layer with sufficient light for photosynthesis

41
Q

What is the aphotic zone?

A

receives little light

42
Q

What is the pelagic zone?

A

zone made up by photic and aphotic zone

43
Q

What is the abyssal zone?

A

2,000 to 6,000 meters deep in the aphotic zone

44
Q

what is the benthic zone?

A

bottom of all zones, with organic and inorganic nutrients

45
Q

what are benthos?

A

organisms in the benthic zone

46
Q

what is detritus?

A

dead organic matter, falling from the surface

47
Q

why is detritus important?

A

acts as a food source for those in lower zones

48
Q

What is thermocline? (2)

A

temperature boundaries in oceans

Warm upper layer and cold deeper water

49
Q

What is turnover?

A

semiannual mixing of water lakes undergo

50
Q

What occurs during turnover?

A

Mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom

51
Q

How do communities in aquatic differ? (4)

A

depth

light penetrance

distance from shore

position in zone

52
Q

How do life differ between zones? (2)

A

Most organisms live in the shallow photic zone

Aphotic zones are extensive but harbor little life

53
Q

How do temperate lakes differ from tropical lowland lakes?

A

Temperate lakes- seasonal thermocline

Tropical lowland lakes- year-round thermocline

54
Q

What are oligotrophic lakes?

A

nutrient-poor and oxygen-rich

55
Q

What are eutrophic lakes?

A

nutrient-rich and low-oxygen in deep zones or during the winter when covered in ice

56
Q

How do oligotrophic lakes differ from eutrophic lakes?

A

Oligotrophic lakes have less surface area than eutrophic lakes

57
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

close to land rooted and floating aquatic plants inhabit this zone

58
Q

What is the limnetic zone, and what occurs there?

A

too deep to support rooted aquatic plant

Zooplankton graze on phytoplankton in the zone

59
Q

What zones are invertebrates common in?

A

benthic zones

60
Q

what zones are fish common in?

A

all zones with sufficient oxygen

61
Q

How do humans interact with aquatic biomes?

A

nutrient enrichment leading to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish death

62
Q

What is the most productive biome?

A

wetlands

63
Q

What are wetlands?

A

Habitats that are partially submerged by water

64
Q

How have plants adapted to wetlands?

A

adapted to water-saturated soil

65
Q

What environmental functions occur in wetlands? (2)

A

High organic production and decomposition

purifies water and reduces flooding

66
Q

What must organisms in wetlands adapt to?

A

low dissolved oxygen

67
Q

What do wetlands develop in?

A

Develop in shallow basins, flooded river banks, or water body coasts

68
Q

What organisms are found in wetlands?

A

Home to invertebrates, birds, and aquatic mammals like otters

69
Q

How has humans interacted with wetlands?

A

destroyed 90% of wetlands

70
Q

What is the prominent physical characteristics of streams and rivers?

A

current

71
Q

What are headwater characteristics (2), and what is found in them (2)?

A

cold, clear, swift, and oxygen-rich

Narrow and rocky

Rich in phytoplankton and rooted plants

72
Q

What are downstream water characteristics? (2)

A

warmer, turbid, and well-oxygenated

Wide and meandering with silty bottoms

73
Q

How has humans interacted with streams and rivers (2)?

A

polluting and degrading water quality, killing organisms

damming and flood control impairing natural function and ecosystem

74
Q

What are estuaries?

A

transition area between river and seas

75
Q

What are 3 physical characteristics of estuaries?

A

Salinity varies with the tides

Nutrient-rich and highly productive

Include a complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats

76
Q

What are the primary producers in estuaries?

A

Saltmarsh grasses and algae

77
Q

How has humans interacted with estuaries?

A

Human interference upstream have disrupted estuaries

BI158 (16 decks)

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