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Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of plants (4)

A

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Have cell walls made of cellulose

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2
Q

what traits do charophytes (green algae) share with plants? (4)

A

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins

Structure of flagellated sperm

Formation of a phragmoplast

closest living relatives

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3
Q

Where are cellulose-synthesizing proteins found, and what kind do noncharophyte algae have?

A

Found in the plasma membrane

Noncharophyte algae have linear sets

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4
Q

What is phragmoplast, and what does it give rise to?

A

Microtubules forming between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell

Cell plate develops in the middle of the phragmoplast, giving rise to a cross-wall

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5
Q

Why must charophytes adapt in shallow water?

A

they are subject to occasional drying

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6
Q

How did charophytes adapt to shallow water?

A

developed sporopollenin

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7
Q

What is sporopollenin, and where is it found?

A

a durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

found in the casing of plant spores

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8
Q

What did the development of sporopollenin lead to?

A

enabled the first land plant to live above the waterline

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9
Q

What are the benefits for plants to live on land? (3)

A

Bright sunlight that is unfiltered by water and plankton

More plentiful CO2

access to Nutrient-rich soil

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages for plants living on land? (2)

A

Scarcity of water

Lack of structural support against gravity

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11
Q

What are derived traits of plants? (5)

A

Alternation of generations

Multicellular, dependent embryos

Walled spores produced in sporangia

Multicellular gametangia

Apical meristems

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12
Q

What is alternation of generation? (2)

A

The life cycle of land plants

Alternates between gametophytes and sporophytes

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13
Q

What are gametophytes, and what do they produce?

A

multicellular haploid

Produces haploid gametes- eggs and sperm- through mitosis

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14
Q

What are sporophytes, and what do they produce?

A

diploid zygotes undergoing mitotic division

Undergoes meiosis to produce spores that develop into haploid organisms

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15
Q

Where do plant embryos develop, and why?

A

in the tissues of the female

Tissue protects them from the environment and provides nutrition

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16
Q

What are placental transfer cells?

A

cells that enhance the transfer of nutrients to the embryo through ingrowths of the wall

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17
Q

What are embryophytes?

A

land plants that have embryos

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18
Q

What is sporangia?

A

organs found in sporophytes that produce spores

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19
Q

What are sporocytes, what do they possess, and why?

A

diploid cells in the sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores

Possesses sporopollenin to prevent drying out

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20
Q

What are gametangia?

A

multicellular gamete producing organs

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21
Q

What is archegonia?

A

pear-shaped organ producing a single nonmotile egg in females

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22
Q

Where does the egg stay in the achegonia?

A

bulbous part of the organ

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23
Q

What is antheridia?

A

male gametangia, producing sperm and releasing them in the environment

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24
Q

What is the apical meristem, and what does it do? (4)

A

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

Helps sustain root growth

Differentiate into the outer epidermis for protection

Can generate leaves

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25
What are some derived traits of plants? (3)
Possession of a cuticle possession of stomata symbiosis with fungi
26
what is a cuticle, what is it made of, and what 3 things does it do?
a covering of the epidermis Made of wax and polymer Prevents desiccation/ drying out Waterproof, prevents water loss Protects from microbial attack
27
What is stomata, and what does it do?
pores that support photosynthesis by exchanging CO2 and O2 Avenues for water evaporation
28
What kind of fungi do plants engage in symbiosis with, and what 2 things does it do for plants?
Mycorrhizae Allowed early plants with no leaves or stems to survive Fungi formed networks in the soil and provided nutrients to plants
29
What did the appearance of spores do to microscopic fossils?
drastically changed early land plants
30
How do land plants differ from algae and fungi?
different chemical composition of spores
31
What is vascular tissue, and what are plants with these tissues called?
tubes that transport water and nutrients Those with this are vascular plants
32
What are lycophytes, and what do they include?
subclade of vascular plants Club mosses
33
What are monilophytes, and what does it include?
subclade of vascular plants ferns
34
How are lycophytes and monilophytes similar, and what are they collectively called?
both lack seeds seedless vascular plants
35
What are seed plants?
subclade of vascular plants
36
what is a seed, and what is it divided into?
embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat gymnosperm and angiosperm
37
What are gymnosperms?
seeds not enclosed in chambers
38
What are angiosperms?
consists of flowering plants, seeds develop in chambers that originate within flowers
39
What are bryophytes? (2)
nonvascular plants Are not a clade
40
What is a grade? (2)
organisms that share key biological features that are not monophyletic Do not share the same ancestry
41
What are the three phylums of bryophytes, and when did they diverge?
Liverworts Mosses Hornworts All diverged earliest from land plants
42
What characteristics do bryophyte gametophytes possess? (2)
Haploid gametophytes are the dominant stage of the life cycle Larger and longer-living than sporophytes
43
What do bryophyte spores germinate into?
gametophyte
44
What is protonema, and what two things do they do?
a mass of green, branched, filaments from germinating moss spores Absorbs water and minerals Produces buds in favorable conditions
45
What do buds possess?
an apical meristem that produces gametophore
46
what is a gametophore, and what does it make up?
Gamete-producing structure This makes up the gametophyte
47
What do bryophytes form?
Form ground-hugging carpets
48
what are bryophytes ground-hugging? (2)
The body is too thin to support a tall plant The absence of vascular tissue doesn’t allow long-distance transport of nutrients
49
What are rhizoids?
long, tubular cells that anchor gametophytes
50
what is gametangia?
organs producing gametes
51
How do gametes fuse in bryophytes?
Sperm requires water to reach eggs
52
what are brood bodies, and how do they grow?
mosses that reproduce asexually Small plantlets detach and grow into identical copies of the parent
53
What phylum are liverworts, and what is a characteristic?
Phylum Hepatophyta Refers to liver-shaped gametophytes
54
What phylum are hornworts, and what two characteristics do they possess?
Phylum Anthocerophyta Refers to the long, tapered shape of sporophyte Lack seta and consists only of a sporangium
55
What phylum do mosses belong to?
Bryophyta
56
What do bryophyte sporophytes contain, where are they found, how large are they, and what do they consist of?
Contains plastids Remains attached to parent gametophyte Smallest in all plant species Consists of a foot, seta, and sporangium
57
What is a foot?
found in the archegonium, absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
58
What is a seta?
stalk, conducting materials to the sporangium
59
What is a capsule?
sporangium that produces spores by meiosis
60
What is a peristome?
upper part of the capsule with interlocking teeth that open and close
61
What do hornworts possess?
cuticles
62
what do mossess and hornworts possess?
stomata
63
why are mosses important? (4)
Help retain nitrogen in the soil Can survive in extreme environments Can absorb damaging levels of UV radiation Peat- decaying deposits of organic material
64
What is peat made of. what is it used for, and what does it do?
Mosses are major components Used for fuel Stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentration
65
What do vascular plants possess? (4)
Possess branched sporophytes not dependent on gametophytes vascular tissue s called xylem and phloem Well-developed roots and leaves Possesses sporophylls, spore-bearing leaves
66
Why is branching important in vascular plants?
enabled bodies to become more complex and have multiple sporangia
67
Why did early vascular plants lack?
roots
68
what form dominates vascular plant's life cycle? (2)
sporophytes are dominant sporophytes are larger and more complex
69
what is a xylem, and what strengthens them?
conducts water and minerals lignin
70
What are tracheids?
tube-shaped cells carrying water and minerals up from the roots
71
what is phloem?
distributes sugars, amino acids, and organic products
72
What helps plants grow tall, and why is it important to be tall?
lignified tissue Being tall enables competition for sunlight and better dispersal of spores
73
What are roots, what do they do, and what do they resemble?
organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil Anchors plants Resembles stem tissue of early vascular plants
74
How did roots evolve? (2)
May have evolved from belowground portions of stems Convergent evolution between different vascular lineages
75
What are leaves, what does it do, and what are the classified as?
increase the surface area of plant bodies Primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants Classified as either microphylls or megaphylls
76
what are microphylls, and what phylum possesses them?
small spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue lycophytes
77
What are megaphylls, and when did they emerge?
leaves with highly branched vascular system Emerged after microphylls
78
what are sporophylls, and how do they vary?
modified leaves that bear sporangia Vary in structure
79
What is sori?
clusters of sporangia found in ferns
80
What is strobili?
cone-like structures of sporophylls in lycophytes
81
What is homosporous?
one type of sporangium producing one type of sperm
82
what do homosporous spores develop into, and where are they found?
Develops into a bisexual gametophyte Found in most seedless vascular plants
83
what does heterosporous mean?
species with two types of sporangia producing two types of spores
84
what are megaspores, and what produces them?
spores developing into female gametophytes Produced by megasporangia on megasporophylls
85
What are microspores?
spores developing into male gametophytes
86
What is the most ancient group of vascular plants?
Phylum Lycophyta
87
what phylum do lycophytes belong to, and where are they found?
Phylum Lycophyta some grow on the forest floor others live below ground, nurtured by fungus
88
What does Phylum lycophyta include?
small plants and giant trees giant trees went extinct
89
What are epiphytes?
plants that use other plants as a substrate
90
what kind of sporophytes do lycophytes possess? (2)
Sporophytes have upright stems with small leaves Possesses ground-hugging stems acting like roots
91
What do ferns possess, where do they live, how common are they, and what are the closely related to?
possess megaphylls temperate forests Most widespread seedless vascular plants seed plants
92
what kind of spores do ferns have, and what do their sporophytes give rise to?
homosporous fronds from their horizontal stems
93
what kind of spores do horsetail have, what do they rise to, and what do they possess?
Homosporous Gives rise to bisexual gametophytes Jointed stems
94
What kind of stems do ferns have, what grows from the stem, what do they lack, and what kind of spores do they have?
dichromously branching stems scalelike outgrowth no roots homosporous
95
what did ancient large lycophytes do to the environment? (3)
drops of CO2 in early forests Caused global cooling Stored CO2 in marine rocks
96
what did ancient lycophytes develop into? (2)
Became coal, removing CO2 from the atmosphere Formed peat

BI158 (16 decks)

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