Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BI158 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

What are protists, and what are they closely related to?

A

unicellular groups of eukaryotes

Closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than other protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What domain are protists, and how do they get nutrition?

A

Eukarya

Can be photoautotrophs or heterotrophs
Can be mixotrophs- combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can protists reproduce? (3)

A

Can be asexual, sexual, or at least undergo meiosis and fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do eukaryotic cells differ? (2)

A

Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Well-developed cytoskeleton- for structure and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do prokaryotes have instead of organelles?

A

subcellular organelles to carry out functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What four supergroups of eukaryotes exist?

A

Excavata, “SAR” clade, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does excavata mean, what does it have, what kind of organisms are in it, and what kind of taxonomic group is it?

A

“excavated feeding groove from one side of a cell body

Based on the study of their cytoskeletons

Modified mitochondria, flagella

Includes parasites, diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans

monophyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the SAR clade include?

A

includes important photosynthetic organisms like diatoms
Includes amoebas and malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the archaeplastida group include?

A

Algae and land plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the group Unikonta includ?

A

ameobas, animals, fungi, and other protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the supergroup branching not reliable? (2)

A

Some branches are still under active debate

Shows that they diverge from a common ancestor simultaneously
This is not correct, but we know what organisms diverged first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are protists so diverse?

A

Because of endosymbiosis- when one organism lives inside the cells of a host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When did mitochondria evolve, and how?

A

evolved before plastids

Host cell engulfed an alpha proteobacterium that would later become a mitochondrion

The engulfing cell was from an archaeal lineage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how did plastids evolve?

A

A photosynthetic cyanobacteria gave rise to two lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What lineages did the original plastid evolve into?

A

Photosynthetic protists and algae

Algae underwent secondary endosymbiosis- they were ingested in the food vacuoles of heterotrophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many membranes do cynanobacteria and plastids of red and green algae have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are transport proteins on red/green algae membranes related to those on cyanobacteria?

A

homologous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are nucleomorphs?

A

genes found in nucleus that act as a vestigial nucleus in plastids, similar to found in green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are diplomonads (3)

A

possess mitosomes (reduced mitochondria)
Lack a functioning ETC and cannot use oxygen for glycolysis
Possesses two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella
ex- giardia intestinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are parabasalids? (2)

A

possess hydrogenosomes (reduced mitochondria)

Can generate some energy anaerobically, releasing hydrogen gas as a byproduct

ex- trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do diplomonads and parabasalids relate?

A

lack plastids and have highly modified mitochondria

Found in anaerobic environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are euglenozoans?

A

Diverse clade of predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

Possess a rod with either spiral or a crystalline structure inside their flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are kinetoplastids?

A

possess kinetoplast (single, large mitochondrion containing mass of DNA)

ex- trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do kinetoplastids evade immune responses?

A

by switching surface proteins
Due to mutations by producing millions of copies of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are euglenids?

A

possess a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge
Some are mixotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do euglenids obtain energy?

A

They are mixotrophs, depending on light availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the three major clades in the SAR clades, and how are they similar (3)

A

stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians

Monophyletic

Similar genome DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When did stramenopiles and alveolates originate, and how? (4)

A

originated more than a billion years ago

Common ancestor engulfed a single, photosynthetic red alga

Emerged from secondary endosymbiosis

Some lack plastids or their remnants
The reason for this is still unknown

29
Q

What do stramenopiles have, and examples? (3)

A

possess flagellum wiith numerous fine, hairlike projection

Paired with a nonhairy flagellum

Includes important photosynthetic organisms like diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

30
Q

What are diatoms? (2)

A

unicellular algae that have a glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix

So abundant that they affect global carbon levels
Can bloom when ample nutrients are available

31
Q

What is the structure of a diatom wall, and where are they found?

A

Wall consists of two overlapping parts
Wall provides protection from pressure
Massive accumulations of fossilized diatoms wall are major constituents of diatomaceous earth

32
Q

What do golden algae possess, and how do they obtain energy? (3)

A

possess biflagellated cells (two flagella attached near one end of the cell)

Components of plankton

Some are photosynthetic, some are mixotrophs

33
Q

What are brown algae? (2)

A

largest and most complex algae

Multicellular

34
Q

What makes up the brown algae, and how did they evolve? (4)

A

Some possess holdfast- specialized tissues and organs that anchor the alga

Some have a stipe- stem
Supports blades- leaves

Holdfast, stipe, and blades evolved independently from plants

Algae adapted to enable photosynthetic surfaces to be near the surface

35
Q

What is alternation of generation?

A

Life cycle of algae
Alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid cells

36
Q

What are diploid cells in alternation of generation called, and what doe it produce?

A

sporophytes, producing haploid zoospores

37
Q

How do zoospores move, and what do they develop into?

A

Zoospores develop into haploid, multicellular gametophytes, which produce gametes

38
Q

How do sporophytes rise?

A

Two gametes unite to form a diploid zygote

39
Q

Heteromorphic vs isomorphic alternation of generation

A

Some are Heteromorphic- sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different

Others are Isomorphic generation- sporophytes and gametophytes look similar

40
Q

What are alveolates, and what do they include?

A

Possess alveoli- membrane-encolsed sacs under the plasma membrane
Includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

41
Q

What two things do dinoflagellates possess, how do they get nutrition, and what do they cause?

A

Possess cells reinforced by cellulose plates

Possess two flagella

Half are purely heterotrophic

Includes phytoplankton

Blooms cause red tides
Produces toxins that kill fish

42
Q

What are apicomplexans, what do they possess, and an example?

A

Animal parasites
Spread infectious cells called sporozoites
Apex- one end Containing complex organelles specialized in penetrating host cells
malaria

43
Q

What is malaria, how did it evolve, and where does it live?

A

caused by mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium

Plasmodium evolved to form resistant varieties

Lives in cells, not identified by the immune system

44
Q

What do ciliates possess, what do they eat, how do they vary genetically, and how do they reproduce?

A

protists using cilia to move and feed

Possess a tiny micronuclei and a large macronuclei

Preys on bacteria and other protists

Conjugation

binary fission

45
Q

What are rhizarians, and what do they include?

A

Subgroup for SAR clade,

amoebas

46
Q

How do amoebas feed?

A

Pseudopodia, extensions bulgin from anywhere on the cell surface

47
Q

What are radiolarians, and how is its psuedopodia reinforced?

A

Possess delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are made of silica
Pseudopodia is reinforced by microtubules, covered in cytoplasm

48
Q

What are forams, how do they gain energy, what do their pseudopodia do, and where are they found?

A

Possesses porous shells called tests

photosynthesis

pseudopodia- swimming, test formation, and feeding

marine ssediment, used to age sedimentary rock

49
Q

What are cercozoans, how do they feed, and how do they get energy?

A

Amoeboid and flagellated protists
Feed using threadlike pseudopodia
Most are heterotrophs
Others are mixotrophs
Some are also autotrophs

50
Q

What is archaeplastida?

A

Arose from an ancient protist that engulfed a cyanobacterium

51
Q

What is red algae, why are they red, and how do they reproduce?

A

Most abundant large algae

Most aremulticellular

red due to phycoerythrin

reproduce sexually through alternation of generation

depends on water current to fuse gametes

52
Q

What color is red algae and different depths?

A

Those in shallow water have less, being greenish red
Those in deep depths areblack
Some lack pigment and are heterotrophs

53
Q

What do green algae possess, and what are they divided into?

A

Chloroplasts similar to land plants
Divided into charophytes and chlorophytes

54
Q

What are charophytes?

A

Green algae closely rwlated to land plants

55
Q

What three ways did chlorophytes evolve, and how do they reproduce?

A

Form colonies of individual cells to produce scum

Multicellular bodies form by cell division and differentiation

Repeated cell division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division

Possess both sexual and asexual reproductive stage

56
Q

What do unikonta include, when did it diverge, and what two clades are included?

A

Includes animals, fungi, and some protists

hypothesized to have diverged first

Two clades of amoebozonas and opisthokonts

57
Q

Why is Unikonta controversial?

A

Which group diverge first is still unknown

58
Q

What are amoebozoans?

A

Amoebas with lobe/tubee-shaped pseudopodia

59
Q

What are slime modes, and what did they diverge into?

A

Aka mycetozoans

Once thought to be fungi

Diverged into plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds

60
Q

What are plasmodial slime molds, their color, diet, and colony it forms?

A

Brightly colored, often yellow or orange
Forms a mass called plasmodium
Unicellular
Feeds on moist soil, mulch, and rotting logs

61
Q

How do cellular slime modes function? (3)

A

During the feeding stage, cells function individually

When food is depleted, they function as a unit

Cells in the stalk die as they dry out, while spores on the top survive and reproduce

62
Q

What are tubulinids, and how do they obtain energy?

A

Group of amoebozoans with lobe/tube-shaped pseudopodia
Most are heterotrophs

63
Q

What are entamoebas?

A

Parasitic amoebas

64
Q

What do opsithokonts include?

A

animals, fungi, and protists

65
Q

What are two examples of symbiotic protists?

A

Photosynthetic dinoflagellates provide food for coral polyps
Wood-digesting protists inhabit gut of termite species

66
Q

Two important roles of protists in habitat

A

as symbiont and as a producer

67
Q

What are producers?

A

organisms that use energy from light, converting CO2 to organic compounds

68
Q

How impactful are photosynthetic protists?

A

30% of the world’s photosynthesis is performed by protists

20% by prokaryotes

69
Q

What do rising sea surface temperatures do? (3)

A

reduce marine producers
Producers rely on nutrients brought from upwelling
Warm water prevents upwelling

BI158 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions