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BI158 > 52.3 > Flashcards

52.3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are intertidal zones?

A

Periodically submerged and exposed to the tides

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2
Q

what are characteristics of intertidal zones? (2)

A

High levels of oxygen and nutrients

Rocky or sandy substrate

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3
Q

How are intertidal organisms challenged?

A

by variations in temperature, salinity, and mechanical forces of wave action

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4
Q

What are sandy intertidal zones protected from?

A

waves

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5
Q

what are organisms that live in sandy intertidal zones (2)?

A

Supported by grass and algae

Animals in sandy zone bury themselves in sand- worms, clams, crustaceans

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6
Q

What kind of organisms are found in rocky intertidal zones?

A

attached algae

animals with structural adaptations for attaching to hard substrate

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7
Q

How has human activity affected intertidal zones?

A

Oil pollution and human development have disrupted many intertidal areas

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8
Q

What are oceanic pelagic zones characteristics? (2)

A

Constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents

High levels of oxygen

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9
Q

how do nutrients levels differ in oceanic pelagic zones?

A

Turnover in temperate oceans renews nutrients in the photic zone

Year-round stratification in tropical oceans leads to lower nutrient concentrations

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10
Q

How large is the oceanic pelagic zone?

A

70% of earth’s surface

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11
Q

what is found in oceanic pelagic zones? (2)

A

Phytoplankton and zooplankton dominate the biome

Zooplankton- protists, worms, copepods, algae

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12
Q

How has human activity affected ocean pelagic zones? (2)

A

Overfishing has depleted pelagic fish stocks

Humans have polluted oceans with dumping and waste

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13
Q

What are coral reefs?

A

Formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of corals

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14
Q

how do coral reefs differ in different zones? (2)

A

Shallow reef-building corals like in photic zone in warm, clear water

Deep-sea corals live at depths of 200-1,500 m

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15
Q

what do corals require? (2)

A

high oxygen concentration

solid substrate

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16
Q

how does a coral reef progress?

A

fringing reef > barrier reef > coral atoll

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17
Q

What do corals form a mutalistic relationship with, and what do they provide?

A

zooxanthellae- single-celled algae

Algae provides organic molecules and energy

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18
Q

How has human activity affected coral reefs? (5)

A

Collection of coral skeletons, overfishing, global warming, pollution, and aquaculture are threats to coral reef ecosystems

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19
Q

what is the marine benthic zone?

A

Consists of the seafloor below surface waters of the neritic zone and the offshore pelagic zone

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20
Q

what is the neritic zone?

A

coast

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21
Q

how has organisms in the abyssal zone adapted?

A

to cold and high water pressure

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22
Q

What is the sea floor like?

A

Soft sediment, some rocky

23
Q

What inhabits shallow areas of the marine benthic zone?

A

seaweed and algae

24
Q

what inhabit deep sea hydrothermal vents?

A

by chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, echinoderms, and arthropods

25
Q

How has human activity affected the marine benthic zone?

A

Overfishing and dumping of waste have depleted the fish population

26
Q

How does species distribution arise?

A

ecological and evolutionary interactions through time

27
Q

what is ecological time?

A

minute-to-minute time frame of interaction between organisms and the environment

28
Q

what is evolutionary time?

A
  • spans many generations and captures adaptations through natural selection
29
Q

What does events in ecological time lead to, and an example?

A

evolution

galapagos finches

30
Q

what influences species distribution?

A

biotic and abiotic factors

31
Q

Example of factors influencing species distribution

A

temperature, water availability, and interspecific interactions affecting the distribution of cacti

32
Q

What do ecologists question regarding species distribution?

A

Ecologists ask questions about where species occur and why species occur there

33
Q

What is dispersal?

A

movement of individuals or gametes away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin

34
Q

What can natural range expansion show?

A

influence dispersal on distribution

35
Q

what does dispersal contribute to?

A

global distribution of organisms

36
Q

what can long-distance dispersal lead to?

A

adaptive radiation

37
Q

what is species transplant?

A

organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from their original distribution

38
Q

what does a successful transplant indicate?

A

that its potential range is larger than its actual range

39
Q

What can species transplant cause?

A

Can disrupt communities or ecosystems they are introduced to

40
Q

Why don’t some organisms occupy their full potential range?

A

Can be limited by habitat selection behavior

41
Q

five biotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

A

Predation

Herbivory

Competition

Mutualism

Parasitism

42
Q

six abiotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

A

Temperature

Water

Oxygen

Salinity

Sunlight

Soil

43
Q

How do abiotic factors vary?

A

in space and time

44
Q

Why does temperature affect distribution?

A

its effects on biological processes

45
Q

How does temperature affect biological processes? (3)

A

Cells may freeze and rupture below 0 degrees c

proteins denature above 45 degrees c

Enzymes work best within certain temperature ranges

46
Q

How do some animals regulate temperature?

A

Mammals and birds expend energy to regulate their internal temperature

47
Q

How do desert organisms adapt regarding water?

A

Desert organisms exhibit adaptations for water conservation

48
Q

How does water affect oxygen? (2)

A

Water affects oxygen availability as oxygen diffuses slowly in water

Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm

49
Q

How does oxygen availability differ in aquatic environments?

A

Oxygen concentrations can be low in deep oceans and deep lakes

50
Q

How does salt affect organisms? (2)

A

Aquatic organisms are usually restricted to fresh or saltwater habitat

Terrestrial organisms are not adapted to high-salinity

51
Q

how does salinity affect biological processes?

A

Salt concentrations affect water balance through osmosis

52
Q

How does sunlight affect distribution? (4)

A

influences photosynthesis

shading creating competition

high levels can cause stress

photosynthesis in aquatic areas is limited to the surface since water absorbs light

53
Q

How does rocks and soil limit distribution?

A

characteristics of soil limit plant distribution, and in turn limit animals that feed on them

54
Q

3 characteristics of soil that affect plants

A

pH

physical structure

mineral composition

BI158 (16 decks)

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