52.3

Question 1

what are intertidal zones?

Answer 1

Periodically submerged and exposed to the tides

Question 2

what are characteristics of intertidal zones? (2)

Answer 2

High levels of oxygen and nutrients

Rocky or sandy substrate

Question 3

How are intertidal organisms challenged?

Answer 3

by variations in temperature, salinity, and mechanical forces of wave action

Question 4

What are sandy intertidal zones protected from?

Answer 4

waves

Question 5

what are organisms that live in sandy intertidal zones (2)?

Answer 5

Supported by grass and algae

Animals in sandy zone bury themselves in sand- worms, clams, crustaceans

Question 6

What kind of organisms are found in rocky intertidal zones?

Answer 6

attached algae

animals with structural adaptations for attaching to hard substrate

Question 7

How has human activity affected intertidal zones?

Answer 7

Oil pollution and human development have disrupted many intertidal areas

Question 8

What are oceanic pelagic zones characteristics? (2)

Answer 8

Constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents

High levels of oxygen

Question 9

how do nutrients levels differ in oceanic pelagic zones?

Answer 9

Turnover in temperate oceans renews nutrients in the photic zone

Year-round stratification in tropical oceans leads to lower nutrient concentrations

Question 10

How large is the oceanic pelagic zone?

Answer 10

70% of earth’s surface

Question 11

what is found in oceanic pelagic zones? (2)

Answer 11

Phytoplankton and zooplankton dominate the biome

Zooplankton- protists, worms, copepods, algae

Question 12

How has human activity affected ocean pelagic zones? (2)

Answer 12

Overfishing has depleted pelagic fish stocks

Humans have polluted oceans with dumping and waste

Question 13

What are coral reefs?

Answer 13

Formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of corals

Question 14

how do coral reefs differ in different zones? (2)

Answer 14

Shallow reef-building corals like in photic zone in warm, clear water

Deep-sea corals live at depths of 200-1,500 m

Question 15

what do corals require? (2)

Answer 15

high oxygen concentration

solid substrate

Question 16

how does a coral reef progress?

Answer 16

fringing reef > barrier reef > coral atoll

Question 17

What do corals form a mutalistic relationship with, and what do they provide?

Answer 17

zooxanthellae- single-celled algae

Algae provides organic molecules and energy

Question 18

How has human activity affected coral reefs? (5)

Answer 18

Collection of coral skeletons, overfishing, global warming, pollution, and aquaculture are threats to coral reef ecosystems

Question 19

what is the marine benthic zone?

Answer 19

Consists of the seafloor below surface waters of the neritic zone and the offshore pelagic zone

Question 20

what is the neritic zone?

Answer 20

coast

Question 21

how has organisms in the abyssal zone adapted?

Answer 21

to cold and high water pressure

Question 22

What is the sea floor like?

Answer 22

Soft sediment, some rocky

Question 23

What inhabits shallow areas of the marine benthic zone?

Answer 23

seaweed and algae

Question 24

what inhabit deep sea hydrothermal vents?

Answer 24

by chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, echinoderms, and arthropods

Question 25

How has human activity affected the marine benthic zone?

Answer 25

Overfishing and dumping of waste have depleted the fish population

Question 26

How does species distribution arise?

Answer 26

ecological and evolutionary interactions through time

Question 27

what is ecological time?

Answer 27

minute-to-minute time frame of interaction between organisms and the environment

Question 28

what is evolutionary time?

Answer 28

- spans many generations and captures adaptations through natural selection

Question 29

What does events in ecological time lead to, and an example?

Answer 29

evolution galapagos finches

Question 30

what influences species distribution?

Answer 30

biotic and abiotic factors

Question 31

Example of factors influencing species distribution

Answer 31

temperature, water availability, and interspecific interactions affecting the distribution of cacti

Question 32

What do ecologists question regarding species distribution?

Answer 32

Ecologists ask questions about where species occur and why species occur there

Question 33

What is dispersal?

Answer 33

movement of individuals or gametes away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin

Question 34

What can natural range expansion show?

Answer 34

influence dispersal on distribution

Question 35

what does dispersal contribute to?

Answer 35

global distribution of organisms

Question 36

what can long-distance dispersal lead to?

Answer 36

adaptive radiation

Question 37

what is species transplant?

Answer 37

organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from their original distribution

Question 38

what does a successful transplant indicate?

Answer 38

that its potential range is larger than its actual range

Question 39

What can species transplant cause?

Answer 39

Can disrupt communities or ecosystems they are introduced to

Question 40

Why don't some organisms occupy their full potential range?

Answer 40

Can be limited by habitat selection behavior

Question 41

five biotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

Answer 41

Predation Herbivory Competition Mutualism Parasitism

Question 42

six abiotic factors affecting distribution of organisms

Answer 42

Temperature Water Oxygen Salinity Sunlight Soil

Question 43

How do abiotic factors vary?

Answer 43

in space and time

Question 44

Why does temperature affect distribution?

Answer 44

its effects on biological processes

Question 45

How does temperature affect biological processes? (3)

Answer 45

Cells may freeze and rupture below 0 degrees c proteins denature above 45 degrees c Enzymes work best within certain temperature ranges

Question 46

How do some animals regulate temperature?

Answer 46

Mammals and birds expend energy to regulate their internal temperature

Question 47

How do desert organisms adapt regarding water?

Answer 47

Desert organisms exhibit adaptations for water conservation

Question 48

How does water affect oxygen? (2)

Answer 48

Water affects oxygen availability as oxygen diffuses slowly in water Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm

Question 49

How does oxygen availability differ in aquatic environments?

Answer 49

Oxygen concentrations can be low in deep oceans and deep lakes

Question 50

How does salt affect organisms? (2)

Answer 50

Aquatic organisms are usually restricted to fresh or saltwater habitat Terrestrial organisms are not adapted to high-salinity

Question 51

how does salinity affect biological processes?

Answer 51

Salt concentrations affect water balance through osmosis

Question 52

How does sunlight affect distribution? (4)

Answer 52

influences photosynthesis shading creating competition high levels can cause stress photosynthesis in aquatic areas is limited to the surface since water absorbs light

Question 53

How does rocks and soil limit distribution?

Answer 53

characteristics of soil limit plant distribution, and in turn limit animals that feed on them

Question 54

3 characteristics of soil that affect plants

Answer 54

pH physical structure mineral composition