Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BI158 > Chapter 34.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 34.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of symmetry are chordates?

A

Bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What clades are found in phylum Chordata? (2)

A

Vertebrates

Deuterostomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do vertebrates and chordates correlate?

A

All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is found in clade Deuterostomia?

A

Cephalochordates and urochordates- invertebrates more closely related to vertebrates than other invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 4 derived characters of chordates, and how are they maintained throughout their life?

A

Notochord

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal slits/ clefts

Muscular, post-anal tail

Some lost after embryonic
development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the notochord, where is it found, and what is it composed of?

A

Skeletal structure of a Longitudinal, flexible rod

Found between the digestive tube and the nerve cord

Composed of large, fluid-filled cells encased in stiff, fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the notochord provide? (2)

A

Provides skeletal support

Provides firm, flexible structure which muscles can work during swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the notochord develop into in most vertebrates, and in humans>

A

In most vertebrate, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops around the notochord

Humans notochord is reduced and forms parts of the fisks sandwiched between the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop from, where is it found, and what does it develop into>

A

Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube

Located dorsal to the notochord

Develops into central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

region posterior to the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pharyngeal cleft, and what does it develop into?

A

Series of arches separated by grooves from on the outer surface of the pharynx

Develops into slits that open into the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal slits (2), and what does it develop into (2)?

A

allows water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract

Functions as suspension-feeding devices in invertebrate chordates

Vertebrates- modified into gills

Tetrapods- do not develop into slits, but develop into ear and parts of head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the tail found, what does it contain, and what does it allow?

A

Tail extending posterior to the anus

Contains skeletal elements and muscle

Helps propel aquatic species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do nonchordate tails differ?

A

digestive tract extends nearly the whole length of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the basal living chordate species?

A

lancelet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What shape are lancelet, and how is the derived characters maintained?

A

Bladelike shape

Larvae develops all four derived characteristics

Adults retain key chordate traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do lancelet larvae feed on?

A

Feeds on plankton by rising and sinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are adult lancelet found, how do they feed, how do they move, and how do their muscles develop?

A

Found on sea floor, with only anterior exposed

Draws in water using celia, and pharyngeal slits traps food

Chevrons-rows of muscle contractions&raquo_space;> to swim

Develops from somites- blocks of mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are tunicates related to, and when are the derived traits found?

A

Closely related to chordates than lancelets

Derived traits apparent in larval stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do tunicates swim, and how does it develop into an adult (3)?

A

Tail and notochord used to swim during larval form

Looks for a substrate to settle on

Undergoes metamorphosis after settling, losing many chordate traits

Tail, notochord, and nervous system degenerates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do adult tunicates feed (3)?

A

draws in water using a siphon

Water passes trough pharyngeal slit into the atrium and exits through another siphon

Food particles are trapped by cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did ancestral chordates look like (2)?

A

Ancestral chordate may have look like lancelets

Anterior end with a mouth, a notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was the structure of early vertebrate brains, and how do we know>?

A

Vertebrate brain- elaboration of ancestral structure similar to lancelet’s brain

Same hox genes found in regions of a simple lancelet’s brain as hox genes for brain of vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do we know genes in early vertebrate are unique to bertebrates? (2)

A

Tunicates possess genes associated with vertebrate organs

Absent in nonchordate invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are characteristics of vertebrates (3), and what did they rise from?
Possess a skeletal system, complex nervous system efficient in capturing food and avoiding predation chordates
26
How many sets of hox genes do vertebrates have, how did they arise?
Possess two or more sets of Hox genes Through gene duplication
27
What genes were duplicated in vertebrates, and what did them allow>
Genes that produce transcription factors and signal molecules has been duplicated Increasing gene complexity associated with vertebrate nervous syste and skeleton
28
What is the vertebrae, and how do they differ in species?
enclose the spinal cord and taken over roles of the notochord Some species have a reduced vertebrae
29
What evolved in aqautic vertebrae?
Dorsal, ventral, and anal fins evolved in aquatic vertebrae
30
How are fins supported, stiffened, and what do they provide?
Stiffened by fin rays Provides thrust and steering control Supported by efficient gills
31
What are the only living vertebrates that lack jaws>
hagfish and lampreys
32
What clade do hagfish and lampreys form, and two traits they share?
Form a clade cyclostomes- living jawless vertebrates Do not have a backbone Notochord persists into adult hood
33
How does the notochord and vertebrae differ in lampreys and hagfish?
Lampreys have a sheath around the notochord Lamprey- Possess a rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilage Hagfish- high reduced cartilage vertebrae
34
Where are hagfish found, what are their bones made of, and how do they swim?
marine Skull and vertebrae made of cartilage Swim like a snake using muscles against their notochord
35
What is connected to the pharynx in hagfish, what do they feed on, and how do they defend theirself?
Small brain, eyes, ears, and nasal opening connecting with the pharynx Bottom feeding scavengers- Feed on worms or dead fish Slime glands used to repel other scavengers and predators
36
How do lampreys feed, where are they found, and what is unique about their cartilage?
Marine and freshwater parasites that Use rasping mouth and tongue to penetrate skin of fish and ingest blood cortilage contains no collagen
37
Where are lamprey larvae found, how do they feed, what do they do after maturing, and a unique characteristic of some of their larvae?
found in freshwater streams Suspension feeders Some species feed only as larvae Migrate to sea after maturing
38
What is Haikouelia, how did they feed, and what is their body structure (2), and how did their physical characteristics emerge?
most primitive chordate fossils during the Cambrain explosion Suspension feeder Well-formed brain, small eyes, and muscle segment along the body- similar to vertebrate fish No skull, ear organs- unlike vertebrates Characters emerged as chordate nervous system complexified
39
What is the myllokunmingia, what is seen, body structure (2), and what did their head enable?
first chordate to have a head Early signs of skull seen invertebrate Have ear capsules and eye capsules Head enabled chordates to coordinate more complex movement and feeding behaviors
39
What are conodonts, when did they exist, 5 characteristics, and how long did they exist?
earliest groups of fossil vertebrate 500 million years ago Soft-bodied, slender vertebrate Lack jaws Skeleton made of cartilage Large eyes Barbed hooks in mouth to hunt-Hardened by calcium Abundant for 300 million years
39
How did bones and teeth originate, what did it evolve from, and how did the evolution begin?
Developed late in history of vertebrates Evolved from a structure of unmineralized cartilage Mineralization initiated as chordates egan to ingest larger food
39
What was duplicated in hox genes of gnathostomes, and what did it allow?
Entire genome itself has been duplicated Enabled origin of jaws
39
How did vertebrates evolve until the Devonian period? (5)
Had paired fins Inner ear with two semicircular canals for balance Lacked jaws Muscular pharynx Amored with mineralized bone
39
What are 4 derived characteristics of gnathostomes?
Hinged jaws used to grip and slice food Possess additional duplication of Hox genes Enlarged forebrain Lateral line system
39
What are gnathostomes, and what do they include?
Jawed vertebrates Includes sharks, some fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
39
How did hinged jaws evolve (2)?
Evolved by modification of skeletal rods previously supporting the anterior pharyngeal slits Remaining gill slists evolved to become sites of gas exchange
40
What does an enlarged forebrain allow?
Enhanced smell and vision
41
what is the lateral line system?
organs that form a row along each side of the body sensitive to vibrations
42
What is the placoderms, when did they exist, and physical characteristics (3)
earleist gnathostomes 440 million plate-skinned paire fins and tail- easy hunting jaws- easy grasping
43
What are acanthodians?
emerged at the same time as placoderms, but disappeared much later
44
What happened 440-420 million years ago? (2)
period of incredible evolutionary change Diverged into chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins
45
What are chondrichthyans, what do they include, and two physical characteristics?
Sharks, ratfishess, rays, and their relative Cartilage fish Have skeletons composed mainly of cartilage and calcium Also have restricted distribution of bones
46
What does the restricted distribution of bones i chondrichthyans signify?
Signifies tha bones is a derived condition, emerging after chondrichthyans diverged from other gnathostomes
47
What kind of body do sharks have, how do they feed, what kind of digestive tract do they have (2)?
Possess streamlined bodies Include suspension feeders and predators Short digestive tract Spiral valve- a ridge in the intestine that increases surface area and prolongs passage of food through the digestive tract
48
How do sharks swim (2), and what does movement provide?
Cannot maneuver well Very dense, and sinks when swimming Movement allows gas exchange to occur
49
What kind of senses do sharks have (4), and how do they detect movement?
sharp vision cannot see color no eardrums nose is only used for smelling Have regions in head to detect electric fields generated by muscle contractions
50
How do sharks reproduce? (4)
Egg fertilized internally Some are oviparous- shark release fertilized eggs Some are ovoviviparous- retains fertilized eggs, embryo hatching within the uterus Some are viviparous- develops as an embryo and live birth
51
What is the cloaca?
common chamber where the execretory system empties into
52
How do rays feed, and where are they found?
Bottom-dwellers \ Feed using jaws to crush crustaceans
53
What are osteichthyans, and what do they have?
ray-finned and lobe-finned fish Have ossified/bony endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate
54
How do fish breathe (2), how do they maintain buoyancy?
Breathe by drawing water over gills in chambers covered by the operculum- protective bony flap Water is drawn in through mouth, pharynx, and out the gills Maintains buoyancy by filling swim bladder with air Evolved from lungs of tetrapods
55
What is found on the skin of fish, what does it secrete, what do fish also possess, and how do they reproduce?
flattened , bony scales Secrete mucus to reduce drag Possess lateral line system Oviparous
56
What do ray-finned fish possess, what do they include, and what do they serve as?
Possess bony rays supporting fins Common fishes we see Serve as major sources of proteins
57
WHat find of fins do lobe-fins have, how common are they, and where do they live?
Lobe-fins in presence of rod-shaped bones surrounded by muscles in fins Dwindled and only a few remain today Lived in brackish waters
58
What three lineages did lobe-fins diverge into?
Coelecanth lungfish tetrapods-Adapted to land and gave rise to limbs and feet
59
What are 5 derived characters of tetrapods?
four limbs separate head by neck pelvic girlde fused to backbones most do not have gills Ears for detecting airborne sound
60
What did four limbs replace, and what does it support?
Replaced pectoral and pelvic fins Supports weight on land
61
What does a separate head allow?
independent movement of the head
62
What does a fused pelvic girdle allow?
force generated by hind legs to be absorbed better
63
What do tetrapods have instead of gills?
pharyngeal clefts gave rise to ears and glands
64
What is Tiktaalik, physical characteristic, how did they breath, what fin pattern did they possess, and what did they prove?
fossil of tetrapod ancestor Had fins, gills, lungs, and scales, neck, and shoulder Had full set of ribs to breath air and supprot body Front fin had same pattern of limbed animals Proved that wrist, ribs, and necks were ancestral to tetrapod lineage
65
Where were early tetrapods found?
tied to water
66
What does amphibian refer to, and three clades?
Refers to life stages of many frog species Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
67
How do aquatic and terrestrial salamanders differ?
Terrestrial Side-to-side bending of the body Aquatic Paedomorphosis- retention of larval features even as when sexually mature Frogs
68
What are frogs suited for, two things they possess, and how do they defend theirselves?
movement on land powerful hind legs long tongue to catch prey secrete poison from skin glands
69
How do toads differ from frogs?
leathery skin and additional adaptations for life on land
70
What are two characteristics of Caecilians, what do they resemble, and where are they found?
Legless- secondary adaptations Nearly blind Resemble earthworms Inhibit tropical area in moist soil
71
What do frog larval possess, and what occurs during metamorphosis (2)?
larval (tadpole) is an aquatic herbivore with gills, lateral line system, and long, finned tail Lacks legs Metamorphosis, develops legs, lungs, external eardrums, and digestive system for a carnivorous diet Gills and lateral line system disappears
72
How do salamander and caecilian larvae differ from frogs (2)
Salamanders and caecilian larvae looks more like the adult Carnivorous
73
Where are amphibians in dry found, and how do they breathe (2)?
Those in dry havitats spend time in high humidity places, like burrows and moist leaves Rely on moist skin for gas exchange Some lack lungs and breathe through skin
74
How does fertilization occur in amphibians? (3)
External Male grasps female and spills sperm over eggs as female sheds them Eggs are laid in water or moist environment
75
Characteristics of amphibian eggs (3)
Dehydrate quickly on land Laid in large number since egg mortality is high Some lay small numbers and is cared for
76
What behaviors do frogs exhibit, and examples (2)?
complex and social behaviros Frogs are usually quiet Some can vocalize to defend or attract females Frog migration Cocal communication, celestial navigation, and chemical signaling
77
Why are amphibians declining? 4
Chtytrid fungas, habitat loss, climate change, and pollution

BI158 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions