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Chapter 33.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do invertebrates account for, and where are they found?

A

over 95% of known animal species

Enhabit every habitat

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2
Q

What is under Phylum Porifera, what kind of group is it, and when did they diverge?

A

Sponges

Monophyletic- still debating

basal species

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3
Q

Characteristics of sponges (4)

A

sedentary

lack true tissues

filter feeders

Gas exchange and waste removal can occur via diffusion across membranes

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4
Q

What kind of tissues do sponges have?

A

different cell types like flagellated collar cells for phagocytosis

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5
Q

Characteristics of complex sponges (3)

A

Folded body walls

Branched water canals

Several oscula

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6
Q

What is the mesohyl?

A

gelatinous region separating two layers of cells

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7
Q

What are amoebocytes? (2)

A

cells that use pseodopodia

Move through mesohyl

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8
Q

Functions of the mesohyl (5)

A

Take up food from water and from choanocytes

Digests

Carries nutrients to other cells

Manufacture skeletal fibers within the meshoyl

Totipotent

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9
Q

What are examples of skeletal fibers manufactured by the meshol? (2)

A

Ex- sharp spicules made from calcium carbonate or silica
Ex- flexible fibers made from spongin

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10
Q

What does totipotent mean, and two things it allows?

A

capable of becoming other types of sponge cells

Provides body with flexibility

Adjust shape in response to environment

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11
Q

How do sponges reproduce? (3)

A

they are sequential hermaphrodites

Functions as both male and female and produces both sperms and eggs

Functions as one sex and then another

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12
Q

how does cross fertilization occur in sponges?

A

occurs when water transfers sperm to a female functioning sponge

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13
Q

What results after sponges fertilize?

A

Results in a zygote > flagellated, swimming larvae dispersing from parent > settles on substrate > develops into a sessile adult

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14
Q

What do sponges produce that help humans, and an example>

A

Antibiotics that can be used for human diseases

Ex- cribrostatin- used to fight cancer cells and Streptococcis

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15
Q

What are eumatozoans, what do they include, a characteristic, and the oldest lineage?

A

true animals

All animals except sponges and a few other groups

Clade of animals with true tissues

Cnidaria

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16
Q

What is included in cnidarians, and what did they diverge into?

A

Include hydrasm corals, jellies

Diverged into Medusozoa and Anthozoa

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17
Q

What kind of body plans do cnidarians have?

A

simple, diploblastic, radial body plan

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18
Q

What is the basic body plan of cnidarians, and what does it function as?

A

Sac with a gastrovascular cavity- central digestive compartment

Functions as both mouth and anus

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19
Q

What are two variations of the cnidarian body plan?

A

Largely sessile polyp

Motile medusa

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20
Q

What is a polyp, what does it do, and an example?

A

cylindrical forms adhering to substrate by aboral end (opposite from mouth)

Extends tentacles for prey

Ex- hydras and sea anemones

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21
Q

How do polyps move? (3)

A

Primarily sedentary

Can move slowly using muscles at aboral end

Detaches when threatened and swims by bending and thrashing tentacles

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22
Q

What is a medusa, and how does it move?

A

flattened, mouth-down version of polyp

Movies freely in water by passive drifting and contractions

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23
Q

What do cnidarians eat, and how? (3)

A

Predators using tentacles to capture and push food into gastrovascular cavity

Enzymes excreted in this cavity for digestion

Undigested remains expelled from mouth/anus

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24
Q

What are cnidocytes, their function, and what does it contain?

A

cells unique to cnidarians found in tentacles

Functions in defense and prey capture

Contains cnidae- capsule-like organelles capable of exploding outwards

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25
What are nematocysts?
specialized cnidae containing a stinging thread that penetrates body wall of prey
26
What kind of tissues do cnidarians have? (2)
Contractile tissues and nerves Possess contractile fibers (bundles of microfilaments) in epidermis and gastrodermis
27
What kind of skeleton do cnidarians have?
Gastrovascular cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton which contractile cells can work on
28
WHat kind of nervous system do cnidarians have? (4)
Noncentralized Nerve net coordinates movement Distributed around body No brain Detect stimuli from all directions
29
What are medusozoans, and what do they include?
All cnidarians that produce a medusa Includes scyphozoans (jellies), cubozoans (box jellies), and hydrozoans
30
What form do hydrozoans exist in?
alternate between polyp and medusa form
31
What forms do scyphozoans and cubozoans exist in?
spend majority of life cycle in medusa stage
32
What do anthozoans include, and what form are they found in?
Includes sea anemones and corals Occurs only as polyps
33
How do corals live (2), what do they secrete, how do new generations live, and what destroys them (5)?
Live as solitarory or colonies Forms symbiosis with algae Secretes a hard exoskeleton of calcium carbonate Each polyp generation builds on skeletal remains of earlier generation Destroyed by pollution, overharvesting, ocean acidification, global warming, and rising water temperatures
34
What is found in Clade Bilateria, four characteristics, and clades it diverges into?
Contains majority of animal species Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic development Digestive tract with two openings Coelom Diverges into Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia
35
What is the most diverse clade of bilaterians in terms of body plan?
Lophotrochozoans
36
What is in phylum Platyhelminthes and where do they live?
flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms Lives in marine, fresnwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
37
What kind of body do flatworms have? (6)
Thin body Flattened dorsoventrally Triploblastic development Acoelomates Gastrovascular cavity with one opening contains protonephridia
38
What is protonephridia, and what does it do?
networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs Pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside
39
Why is being flat important for flatworms? (4)
Increases surface area Places cells close to water to allow gas and waste exchange by diffusion Maintains osmotic balance No organs for gas exchange
40
What kind of circulatory system do flatworms have?
Lack a circulatory system Fine branches of gastrovascular cavity distributes food
41
What lineages do flatworms diverge into?
Catenulida Rhabditophora
42
WHat is found in catenulida, and how do they reproduce (4)?
Freshwater flatworms Reproduce asexually by budding posterior end Offspring produces their own bud before detaching Forms a chain of 2-4 identical individuals Aka chain worms
43
What is included in phylum Rhabditophora, and where are they found?
Freshwater and marine Free-living and parasitic
44
How do free-living rhabditophora get food?
Predators and scavengers
45
Where are planarians found, what do they prey on, and how do they move (3)?
found in unpolluted ponds and streams Preys on smaller animals or feeds on dead animals Move using cilia in ventral surface Slides along mucus they secrete Some uses muscles to swim
46
What is found in the head of free-living rhabditophora? (2)
Light-sensitive eye-spots and lateral flaps to detect chemicals Complex and centralized nervous system
47
How do free-living rhabditophora reproduce? (3)
Reproduce asexually through fission Parents constricts in the middle, separating head and tail Sexual reproduction as hermaphrodites
48
What do parasitic rhabditophora possess?
Most possess suckers attaching to internal organs Possess tough covering to protect from the immune system
49
How do parasitic rhabditophora immune system work? (3)
Mimics surface proteins of hosts Creates partial immunologcial camouflage Releases molecules tha manipulates host immune system into tolerating the parasite
50
What kind of lifecycle do trematodes have, and what do they require?
Complex life cycle of both sexual and asexual Require an intermediate host which larvae develop before infecting the final host, where adults live Ex- human parasites first infect snail hosts
51
Example of a trematode
Blood flukes- trematodes that cause schistosomiasis- disease causing pain, anemia, and diarrhea
52
What are tape worms, and what two things do they possess?
Parasitic rhabditophoran scolex- anterior end proglottids- long ribbons of units in the posterior
53
What does the scolex do? (2)
Armed with suckers or hooks to attach to the intestines Absorbs nutrients released by digestion in the host- Body surface absorbs
54
What do proglottids do (2)?
Used for sexual reproduction Filled with fertilized eggs that leave the host in feces
55
What is found in phylum Rotifera, where do they inhabit, and what do they possess (3)?
Rotifers Inhabits freshwater, marine, and damp soil cavity Possess alimentary canal instead of a gastrovascular cavity Digestive tube with two openings, mouth and anus Possess crown of cilia that draws a water cortex into the mouth Possess trophi- jaws that grind food
56
What is lined in the pseudocoelom, what is unique about it, and what does the fluid do?
Organs line in the pseudocoelom Cavity not completely lined by mesoderm Fluid in this cavity serves as a hydrostatic skeleton
57
How do rotifers reproduce (4)?
Some under go parthenogenesis Only females producing more females from unfertilized eggs Produce sexually in certain conditions, like crowding Embryos remain dormant, and develop into females
58
What phylums are lophophorates found, what do they have (2), and how do they move?
Bilaterians in the phyla Ectoprocta and Brachipoda lophophore true coelom lined by mesoderm sessile
59
What kind of body do lophophorates have? (2)
U-shaped alimentary canal No distinct head
60
What are extoprocts, and what are they encased in?
colonial animals resembling moss Encased in a hard exosheleton with pores which lophophores extend
61
What do brachiopods resemble, their shell orientation, and how are they found?
resemble clams Shells are dorsal and ventral instead of lateral Aka lamp shell Attach to the seafloor by stalk
62
What phlyum are mollusks, what do they include, and how diverse are they?
Phylum Mollusca Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopus, and squids Second most diverse phylum of animals
63
What kind of body do mollusks have? (4)
Soft-bodied Most secrete a shell made of calcium carbonate Coelomates Three main parts
64
What are the three main parts of mollusks, and their roles?
Foot- for movement Visceral mass- contains organs Contains ovaries or testes Mantle- fold of tissue draping over visceral mass and secretes shell
65
What does the mantle extend over, and two things found in it?
Extends beyound the visceral mass and produces a water-filled chamber Mantle cavity- houses gills, anus, and excretory pores Radula- straplike organ to scrape food
66
How do snails reproduce, and their life cycle?
Snails are hermaphrodites trochophore stage
67
What kind of body do chitons have (3), and where are they found?
Oval-body shape Shell with 8 dorsal plates Unsegmented body Marine, clinging to rocks on the shore
68
How do gastropods move, feed (2), what is found at the head, and role of mantle cavity?
move by foot or cilia graze as it moves Some predatory gastropods use radula to bore holes into other molluscs head has eyes at tips of tentacles mantle cavity functions as lungs
69
Shell function of gastropods (2)
protection prevents dehydration
70
WHat do bivalves include, type of shell, what they possess (3), and how they move
Includes clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops Hinged shells, help by adductor muscles No head and radula Some possess eyes and sensory tentacles in the mantle Mantle cavity contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange sedentary
71
How do bivalves feed? (3)
Suspension feeders Food is trapped in mucus of gills Cilia moves it to the mouth
72
What do cephalopods include, how do they feed (2), role of foot, and how do they move?
Marine predators Tentacles grasp prey Uses jaws to bite and poision with saliva Foot modified into a muscular excurrent siphon and parts of the tentacles Moves by drawing water into mantle caivty and firing water htrough the excurrent siphon
73
What kind of mantle do cephalopods have, and type of circulatory system, nervous system, and sensory system?
Mantle covers visceral mass Reduced and internal shell Closed circulatory system- blood remains seperate from fluid in the body cavity Well-developed sense organs Complex brains
74
What did cephalopods descend from?
Descended from predatory shelled molluscW
75
What are ammonites?
shelled cephalopods that were cephalopods ancestor
76
What animal group has the most documented extinctions, and what groups are especially threatened?
Molluscs Freshwater bivalves and terrestrial gastropods are especially threatened Includes pearl mussels
77
What are threats to molluscs (4),and what can help (2)?
habitat loss, pollution, competition or predation by introduced species Reducing water pollution and changing how water is released from dams can help
78
What kind of body do annelids have (2), and where are they found?
body resemble fused rings coelomates segmented worms in the sea, freshwater, and soilW
79
What where annelids once divided into, and why does it no longer work (2)?
Once Divided into polychaetes, oligochaetes, and leeches Polychaetes- many bristles made of chitin on body- Paraphyletic Oligochaetes- subgroup of polychaetes
80
What are annelids now divided into?
Now divided into Errantia and Sedentaria
81
WHere are Errantia found, how do they move (2), and what do they feed on?
Marine Mobile Swim among plankton or crawl on the seafloor Predators or algae grazers
82
What kind of body do Errantia have (4)?
Each body segment has a parapodia- paddle-like structures Parapodium has numerous chaetae Richly supplied with blood vessels and can act as gills Well-developed jaws and sensory organs
83
How do sedentarians move, where do they live, how do they feed, and what do they include?
Less mobile Live in tubes or within the marine floor Elaborate gills for filter feeding Includes leeches and earthworms
84
What do leeches feed on, how does it feed, what does it secrete, and what was it once used for?
Predator feeding on invertebrates Use bladelike jaws to slit skin of host Possess an anesthetic - Secretes hirudin- keeps blood from coagulating Now used to dissolve unwanted blood clots Once Used for bloodletting- draining of blood after surgery
85
What do earthworms eat, what does it secrete, and what does it do for the environment?
Eats soil, extracting nutrients as it passes through the alimentary canal Undigested material mix with mucus and is secreted Tills and aerates earth
86
How do earthworms reproduce? (2)
Hermaphrodites, but can cross-fertilize Cross-fertilize Mating by aligning in opposite direction Exchange sperm and seperates

BI158 (16 decks)

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