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BI158 > Chapter 33.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 33.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do invertebrates account for, and where are they found?

A

over 95% of known animal species

Enhabit every habitat

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2
Q

What is under Phylum Porifera, what kind of group is it, and when did they diverge?

A

Sponges

Monophyletic- still debating

basal species

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3
Q

Characteristics of sponges (4)

A

sedentary

lack true tissues

filter feeders

Gas exchange and waste removal can occur via diffusion across membranes

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4
Q

What kind of tissues do sponges have?

A

different cell types like flagellated collar cells for phagocytosis

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5
Q

Characteristics of complex sponges (3)

A

Folded body walls

Branched water canals

Several oscula

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6
Q

What is the mesohyl?

A

gelatinous region separating two layers of cells

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7
Q

What are amoebocytes? (2)

A

cells that use pseodopodia

Move through mesohyl

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8
Q

Functions of the mesohyl (5)

A

Take up food from water and from choanocytes

Digests

Carries nutrients to other cells

Manufacture skeletal fibers within the meshoyl

Totipotent

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9
Q

What are examples of skeletal fibers manufactured by the meshol? (2)

A

Ex- sharp spicules made from calcium carbonate or silica
Ex- flexible fibers made from spongin

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10
Q

What does totipotent mean, and two things it allows?

A

capable of becoming other types of sponge cells

Provides body with flexibility

Adjust shape in response to environment

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11
Q

How do sponges reproduce? (3)

A

they are sequential hermaphrodites

Functions as both male and female and produces both sperms and eggs

Functions as one sex and then another

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12
Q

how does cross fertilization occur in sponges?

A

occurs when water transfers sperm to a female functioning sponge

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13
Q

What results after sponges fertilize?

A

Results in a zygote > flagellated, swimming larvae dispersing from parent > settles on substrate > develops into a sessile adult

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14
Q

What do sponges produce that help humans, and an example>

A

Antibiotics that can be used for human diseases

Ex- cribrostatin- used to fight cancer cells and Streptococcis

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15
Q

What are eumatozoans, what do they include, a characteristic, and the oldest lineage?

A

true animals

All animals except sponges and a few other groups

Clade of animals with true tissues

Cnidaria

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16
Q

What is included in cnidarians, and what did they diverge into?

A

Include hydrasm corals, jellies

Diverged into Medusozoa and Anthozoa

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17
Q

What kind of body plans do cnidarians have?

A

simple, diploblastic, radial body plan

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18
Q

What is the basic body plan of cnidarians, and what does it function as?

A

Sac with a gastrovascular cavity- central digestive compartment

Functions as both mouth and anus

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19
Q

What are two variations of the cnidarian body plan?

A

Largely sessile polyp

Motile medusa

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20
Q

What is a polyp, what does it do, and an example?

A

cylindrical forms adhering to substrate by aboral end (opposite from mouth)

Extends tentacles for prey

Ex- hydras and sea anemones

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21
Q

How do polyps move? (3)

A

Primarily sedentary

Can move slowly using muscles at aboral end

Detaches when threatened and swims by bending and thrashing tentacles

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22
Q

What is a medusa, and how does it move?

A

flattened, mouth-down version of polyp

Movies freely in water by passive drifting and contractions

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23
Q

What do cnidarians eat, and how? (3)

A

Predators using tentacles to capture and push food into gastrovascular cavity

Enzymes excreted in this cavity for digestion

Undigested remains expelled from mouth/anus

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24
Q

What are cnidocytes, their function, and what does it contain?

A

cells unique to cnidarians found in tentacles

Functions in defense and prey capture

Contains cnidae- capsule-like organelles capable of exploding outwards

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25
Q

What are nematocysts?

A

specialized cnidae containing a stinging thread that penetrates body wall of prey

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26
Q

What kind of tissues do cnidarians have? (2)

A

Contractile tissues and nerves

Possess contractile fibers (bundles of microfilaments) in epidermis and gastrodermis

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27
Q

What kind of skeleton do cnidarians have?

A

Gastrovascular cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton which contractile cells can work on

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28
Q

WHat kind of nervous system do cnidarians have? (4)

A

Noncentralized Nerve net coordinates movement

Distributed around body

No brain

Detect stimuli from all directions

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29
Q

What are medusozoans, and what do they include?

A

All cnidarians that produce a medusa

Includes scyphozoans (jellies),
cubozoans (box jellies), and hydrozoans

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30
Q

What form do hydrozoans exist in?

A

alternate between polyp and medusa form

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31
Q

What forms do scyphozoans and cubozoans exist in?

A

spend majority of life cycle in medusa stage

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32
Q

What do anthozoans include, and what form are they found in?

A

Includes sea anemones and corals

Occurs only as polyps

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33
Q

How do corals live (2), what do they secrete, how do new generations live, and what destroys them (5)?

A

Live as solitarory or colonies

Forms symbiosis with algae

Secretes a hard exoskeleton of calcium carbonate

Each polyp generation builds on skeletal remains of earlier generation

Destroyed by pollution, overharvesting, ocean acidification, global warming, and rising water temperatures

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34
Q

What is found in Clade Bilateria, four characteristics, and clades it diverges into?

A

Contains majority of animal species

Bilateral symmetry

Triploblastic development

Digestive tract with two openings

Coelom

Diverges into Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia

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35
Q

What is the most diverse clade of bilaterians in terms of body plan?

A

Lophotrochozoans

36
Q

What is in phylum Platyhelminthes and where do they live?

A

flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms

Lives in marine, fresnwater, and damp terrestrial habitats

37
Q

What kind of body do flatworms have? (6)

A

Thin body

Flattened dorsoventrally

Triploblastic development

Acoelomates

Gastrovascular cavity with one opening

contains protonephridia

38
Q

What is protonephridia, and what does it do?

A

networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs

Pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside

39
Q

Why is being flat important for flatworms? (4)

A

Increases surface area

Places cells close to water to allow gas and waste exchange by diffusion

Maintains osmotic balance

No organs for gas exchange

40
Q

What kind of circulatory system do flatworms have?

A

Lack a circulatory system

Fine branches of gastrovascular cavity distributes food

41
Q

What lineages do flatworms diverge into?

A

Catenulida

Rhabditophora

42
Q

WHat is found in catenulida, and how do they reproduce (4)?

A

Freshwater flatworms

Reproduce asexually by budding posterior end

Offspring produces their own bud before detaching

Forms a chain of 2-4 identical individuals

Aka chain worms

43
Q

What is included in phylum Rhabditophora, and where are they found?

A

Freshwater and marine

Free-living and parasitic

44
Q

How do free-living rhabditophora get food?

A

Predators and scavengers

45
Q

Where are planarians found, what do they prey on, and how do they move (3)?

A

found in unpolluted ponds and streams

Preys on smaller animals or feeds on dead animals

Move using cilia in ventral surface

Slides along mucus they secrete

Some uses muscles to swim

46
Q

What is found in the head of free-living rhabditophora? (2)

A

Light-sensitive eye-spots and lateral flaps to detect chemicals

Complex and centralized nervous system

47
Q

How do free-living rhabditophora reproduce? (3)

A

Reproduce asexually through fission

Parents constricts in the middle, separating head and tail

Sexual reproduction as hermaphrodites

48
Q

What do parasitic rhabditophora possess?

A

Most possess suckers attaching to internal organs

Possess tough covering to protect from the immune system

49
Q

How do parasitic rhabditophora immune system work? (3)

A

Mimics surface proteins of hosts

Creates partial immunologcial camouflage

Releases molecules tha manipulates host immune system into tolerating the parasite

50
Q

What kind of lifecycle do trematodes have, and what do they require?

A

Complex life cycle of both sexual and asexual

Require an intermediate host which larvae develop before infecting the final host, where adults live

Ex- human parasites first infect snail hosts

51
Q

Example of a trematode

A

Blood flukes- trematodes that cause schistosomiasis- disease causing pain, anemia, and diarrhea

52
Q

What are tape worms, and what two things do they possess?

A

Parasitic rhabditophoran

scolex- anterior end

proglottids- long ribbons of units in the posterior

53
Q

What does the scolex do? (2)

A

Armed with suckers or hooks to attach to the intestines
Absorbs nutrients released by digestion in the host- Body surface absorbs

54
Q

What do proglottids do (2)?

A

Used for sexual reproduction

Filled with fertilized eggs that leave the host in feces

55
Q

What is found in phylum Rotifera, where do they inhabit, and what do they possess (3)?

A

Rotifers

Inhabits freshwater, marine, and damp soil cavity

Possess alimentary canal instead of a gastrovascular cavity
Digestive tube with two openings, mouth and anus

Possess crown of cilia that draws a water cortex into the mouth

Possess trophi- jaws that grind food

56
Q

What is lined in the pseudocoelom, what is unique about it, and what does the fluid do?

A

Organs line in the pseudocoelom

Cavity not completely lined by mesoderm

Fluid in this cavity serves as a hydrostatic skeleton

57
Q

How do rotifers reproduce (4)?

A

Some under go parthenogenesis

Only females producing more females from unfertilized eggs

Produce sexually in certain conditions, like crowding

Embryos remain dormant, and develop into females

58
Q

What phylums are lophophorates found, what do they have (2), and how do they move?

A

Bilaterians in the phyla Ectoprocta and Brachipoda

lophophore

true coelom lined by mesoderm

sessile

59
Q

What kind of body do lophophorates have? (2)

A

U-shaped alimentary canal

No distinct head

60
Q

What are extoprocts, and what are they encased in?

A

colonial animals resembling moss

Encased in a hard exosheleton with pores which lophophores extend

61
Q

What do brachiopods resemble, their shell orientation, and how are they found?

A

resemble clams

Shells are dorsal and ventral instead of lateral

Aka lamp shell

Attach to the seafloor by stalk

62
Q

What phlyum are mollusks, what do they include, and how diverse are they?

A

Phylum Mollusca

Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopus, and squids

Second most diverse phylum of animals

63
Q

What kind of body do mollusks have? (4)

A

Soft-bodied

Most secrete a shell made of
calcium carbonate

Coelomates

Three main parts

64
Q

What are the three main parts of mollusks, and their roles?

A

Foot- for movement

Visceral mass- contains organs
Contains ovaries or testes

Mantle- fold of tissue draping over visceral mass and secretes shell

65
Q

What does the mantle extend over, and two things found in it?

A

Extends beyound the visceral mass and produces a water-filled chamber

Mantle cavity- houses gills, anus, and excretory pores

Radula- straplike organ to scrape food

66
Q

How do snails reproduce, and their life cycle?

A

Snails are hermaphrodites

trochophore stage

67
Q

What kind of body do chitons have (3), and where are they found?

A

Oval-body shape

Shell with 8 dorsal plates

Unsegmented body

Marine, clinging to rocks on the shore

68
Q

How do gastropods move, feed (2), what is found at the head, and role of mantle cavity?

A

move by foot or cilia

graze as it moves

Some predatory gastropods use radula to bore holes into other molluscs

head has eyes at tips of tentacles

mantle cavity functions as lungs

69
Q

Shell function of gastropods (2)

A

protection

prevents dehydration

70
Q

WHat do bivalves include, type of shell, what they possess (3), and how they move

A

Includes clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

Hinged shells, help by adductor muscles

No head and radula

Some possess eyes and sensory tentacles in the mantle

Mantle cavity contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange

sedentary

71
Q

How do bivalves feed? (3)

A

Suspension feeders

Food is trapped in mucus of gills

Cilia moves it to the mouth

72
Q

What do cephalopods include, how do they feed (2), role of foot, and how do they move?

A

Marine predators

Tentacles grasp prey

Uses jaws to bite and poision with saliva

Foot modified into a muscular excurrent siphon and parts of the tentacles

Moves by drawing water into mantle caivty and firing water htrough the excurrent siphon

73
Q

What kind of mantle do cephalopods have, and type of circulatory system, nervous system, and sensory system?

A

Mantle covers visceral mass

Reduced and internal shell

Closed circulatory system- blood remains seperate from fluid in the body cavity

Well-developed sense organs

Complex brains

74
Q

What did cephalopods descend from?

A

Descended from predatory shelled molluscW

75
Q

What are ammonites?

A

shelled cephalopods that were cephalopods ancestor

76
Q

What animal group has the most documented extinctions, and what groups are especially threatened?

A

Molluscs

Freshwater bivalves and terrestrial gastropods are especially threatened
Includes pearl mussels

77
Q

What are threats to molluscs (4),and what can help (2)?

A

habitat loss, pollution, competition or predation by introduced species

Reducing water pollution and changing how water is released from dams can help

78
Q

What kind of body do annelids have (2), and where are they found?

A

body resemble fused rings

coelomates

segmented worms in the sea, freshwater, and soilW

79
Q

What where annelids once divided into, and why does it no longer work (2)?

A

Once Divided into polychaetes, oligochaetes, and leeches

Polychaetes- many bristles made of chitin on body- Paraphyletic

Oligochaetes- subgroup of polychaetes

80
Q

What are annelids now divided into?

A

Now divided into Errantia and Sedentaria

81
Q

WHere are Errantia found, how do they move (2), and what do they feed on?

A

Marine

Mobile

Swim among plankton or crawl on the seafloor

Predators or algae grazers

82
Q

What kind of body do Errantia have (4)?

A

Each body segment has a parapodia- paddle-like structures

Parapodium has numerous chaetae

Richly supplied with blood vessels and can act as gills

Well-developed jaws and sensory organs

83
Q

How do sedentarians move, where do they live, how do they feed, and what do they include?

A

Less mobile

Live in tubes or within the marine floor

Elaborate gills for filter feeding

Includes leeches and earthworms

84
Q

What do leeches feed on, how does it feed, what does it secrete, and what was it once used for?

A

Predator feeding on invertebrates

Use bladelike jaws to slit skin of host

Possess an anesthetic - Secretes hirudin- keeps blood from coagulating

Now used to dissolve unwanted blood clots
Once Used for bloodletting- draining of blood after surgery

85
Q

What do earthworms eat, what does it secrete, and what does it do for the environment?

A

Eats soil, extracting nutrients as it passes through the alimentary canal

Undigested material mix with mucus and is secreted

Tills and aerates earth

86
Q

How do earthworms reproduce? (2)

A

Hermaphrodites, but can cross-fertilize

Cross-fertilize
Mating by aligning in opposite direction
Exchange sperm and seperates

BI158 (16 decks)

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