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BI158 > Chapter 32 > Flashcards

Chapter 32 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutritional modes of plants, fungi, and animals

A

Plants- autotrophic eukaryotes

Fungi- heterotrophs

Animals- ingesting organic material

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2
Q

How do animal and fungi differ in nutritional modes?

A

Animals ingest then secrete enzymes, opposite of fungi

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3
Q

What are 4 characteristics of animal cells?

A

Eukaryotic

Lack cell walls

External proteins in the cell membrane provides structure
Ex- collagen

Orgnaized into tissues

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4
Q

What is the reproduction method of animals, and what stage is dominant?

A

Sexually

Dominant diploid stage

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5
Q

What occurs during the haploid stage of animals? (3)

A

meiotic division to produce eggs and sperm

Small, flagellated sperm

Larger, nonmotile egg

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6
Q

What is cleavage, and what does it lead to?

A

mitotic cell division without cell growth done by zygote

leads to a blastula

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7
Q

What is a blastula, and what does it lead to?

A

multicellular stage which the zygote takes a form of a ball

gastrulation

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8
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

process where embryonic tissues form that wild evelop into adult body parts

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9
Q

What is a larva, and three ways it differs from an adult?

A

sexually immature form of an animal

Morphologically distinct from the adult

Usually feeds on different food

Can inhibit different habitats

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10
Q

What is metamorphosis, and what is the result?

A

developmental transformation of a larvae that turns it into a juvenile

Juvenile looks like the adult but is not sexually mature

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11
Q

What trait is shared amongst a broad taxa?

A

Genes that control development

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12
Q

What do development genes do, and what do they contain?

A

Regulate expression of other genes
Contains homeoboxes- sets of DNA sequences

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13
Q

What are hox genes, what do they contain, 3 roles, and how did they arise?

A

unique homeobox shared by most animals

Contains family of genes

Aids in development of animal embryo

Controls expression of genes influencing morphology

Regulates formation of anterior-posterior axis

Arose through duplication of homeobox genes

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14
Q

What species lack hox genes, but what do they possess?

A

sponges

other homeoboxes that influence shape

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15
Q

When did animals arise?

A

710 million years ago

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16
Q

How do we know when animals arose (3)?

A

From fossil steroids that produced sponges

Molecular clock estimates sponges originated 700 million years ago

Common ancestor of all extant animal species lived about 770 million years ago

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17
Q

How did we find the origins of multicellular animals?

A

identify protists groups closely related to animals

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18
Q

What are multicellular animals closest living relatives?

A

choanoflagellates

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19
Q

How do we know that multicellular animals adn choanoflagellates are closely related? (4)

A

Common ancestor of animals and choanoflagellates may have been suspension feeders

Choanoflagellate cells and collor cells of sponges are morphologically indistinguishable

Collar cells in flatworms and other animals are also similar to choanoflagellate cells

DNA sequence indicate choanoflagellates and animals are sister groups

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20
Q

What do choanoflagellates and animals share?

A

Same signal genes and adhesion proteins
Ex- cadherins- adhesion proteins

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21
Q

How does multicellularity arise?

A

only if cells can adhere and signal to each other

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22
Q

How did cadherin proteins arise?

A

Cadherin domain in choanoflagellate underwent rearrangement and incorporation of other novel domains to form animal cadherin domains

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23
Q

When was the Neoproterozoic Era, and what 2 things were found?

A

1 billion to 542 million yeats ago

First accepted animal fossil dates 560 million years ago

Also contains fossils of animal embryos
Still debated whether they are animal embryos

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24
Q

What was the first accepted animal fossil, and what was it thought to be?

A

ossil of ediacaran biota- Soft-bodied multicellular eukaryote

THOUGHT TO BE MOLLUSCS, SPONGES, AND CNIDARIANS

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25
Q

When was the Ediacaran period, and what was found?

A

635-542 million years ago

Evidence of predation

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26
Q

What was the first evidence of predation?

A

Cloudina- animal whose body was protected by a shell shows signs of attack

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27
Q

When was the Paleozoic era?

A

542-251 million years ago

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28
Q

When was the Cambrian period, and what occured?

A

535-525

Cambrian explosion- findings of the oldest fossils of about half of alle xtant animal phyla

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29
Q

What was found in the Cambrian explosion?

A

Includes arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms

Includes first large animal

Most are bilaterians- clade have two-sided or bilaterally symmetric form

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30
Q

What do bilaterians possess (2), and what do they include?

A

Possess complete digestive tract

Efficient digestive system with mouth at one end and anus at the other

Includes molluscs, arthropods, chordates

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31
Q

What increased in the Cambrian period, and what did it lead to?

A

diversity of the Cambrian period increases, Ediacaran life-forms decline

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32
Q

Why did soft-bodied Ediacarian species decline? (3)

A

Predator-prey relationships emerged, and led to the decline of soft-bodied ediacaran species

Increase of atmospheric oxygen led to the decline

Genetic changes affecting development, like Hox genes and microRNAs facilitated formation of new forms

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33
Q

WHat followed the Cambrian period? (2)

A

increase in diversity

episodes of mass extinction

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34
Q

What were the first terrestrial species, and what two evidences point to this?

A

Arthropods were the first terrestrial species

Through fossils of millipedes, centipedes, and spiders

Emergence of fern galls- fern openings where insects resided

35
Q

When did vertebrates colonize lands, and what were the first ones?

A

365 million years ago

Tetrapods- Amphibians and amniotes (reptiles) survived

36
Q

When was the Mesozoic Era?

A

251 to 65.5 million years ago

37
Q

What occured during the Mesozoic Era? (7)

A

Animals began spreading to new habitats

Coral reef formed

Some reptiles returned to water

Tetrapods developed wings and other flight equipment

Dinosaurs arose

First mammals- tiny nocturnal insect eaters emerged

Angiosperms and insects underwent dramatic diversification

38
Q

What occured during the Cenozoic era (3)?

A

Ushered by mass extinction of terrestrial and marine mammals- Includes large, nonflyig dinosaurs and marine reptiles

Large herbivores and predators emmerged

Climate began to cool, and animals began to shift habitat

39
Q

What is a body plan?

A

particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole

40
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

does not have a left or right side

41
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

attached to a substrate

42
Q

What type of animals are usially radial? (2)

A

Sessile

planktonic

43
Q

What does bilateral symmetry mean, and three things they possess?

A

have a left and right side

Dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), left, right, anterior, and posterior

Have sensory equipment in the anterior

active movement

44
Q

What are true tissue, and an animal that do not have true tissues?

A

isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

Sponges lack true tissues

45
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

embryo becomes layeres

develops germ layers which form into various tissues and organs

46
Q

What are the three type of germ layers?

A

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

47
Q

What is the ectoderm, and what does it give rise to?

A

germ layer covering surface of the embryo

Gives rise to skin and in some, the central nervous system

48
Q

What is the endoderm, what does it line, and what does it give rise to?

A

innermost germ layer

Lines pouch form in gastrulation

Gives rise to digestive tract and liver and lungs

49
Q

What does diploblastic mean, and an example organism?

A

animals only possessing the ectoderm and endoderm

Cnidarians

50
Q

What does triploblastic mean, and example organisms?

A

possession of a third germ layer

All bilaterally symmetrical animals

51
Q

What is the mesoderm, and what does it form?

A

fills space between ectoderm and endoderm

Forms the muscle and other organs

52
Q

What the coelem, and what does it form from?

A

Fluid or air filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall

tissues derived from mesoderms

53
Q

What does the tissue surrounding the coelom do?

A

connects and suspends internal organs

54
Q

What is a coelomate?

A

animals with true coeloms

55
Q

What is a pseudocoelom?

A

cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm

56
Q

What is a pseudocoelomates?

A

animals with pseudocoelom

57
Q

What is an acoelomate?

A

animals lacking a body cavity

58
Q

Four functions of the body cavity

A

Cushions suspended organs

Prevent internal injuries

Contain noncompressible

fluids acting like a skeleton
for muscles
Ex- earthworms

Enables independent growth and movement of organs

59
Q

How do protostome and deuterostome development differ? (3)

A

Cleavage

Coelom formation

Fate of blastopore

60
Q

What kind of cleavage does protostome development undergo? (3)

A

spiral, determinate cleavage

Cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo

Smaller cells centered over larger, underlying cells

61
Q

what is determinate cleavage? (2)

A

animals with protostome development casts the fate of each cell early on

If one cell was removed, the embryo would not fully form

62
Q

What kind of cleavage do deuterostome development undergo? (2)

A

radial, indeterminate cleavage

Cleavage planes are parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo

63
Q

What is indeterminate cleavage?

A

each cell produced retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

64
Q

What is archenteron, and what does it become?

A

a blind pouch formed by the digestive tube of the embryo

Becomes the gut

65
Q

How does the coelom form in protostome development?

A

solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

66
Q

How does the coelom form in deuterostome development?

A

mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron, coelom arising from its cavity

67
Q

What is the blastopore, and what does it become?

A

indentation that leads to the formation of the archenteron

Blastopore and a second opening becomes the mouth and anus

68
Q

What is the fate of the blastopore in protostome and deterustomes?

A

Prostome development- mouth develops from the blastopore

Deuterostome development- anus develops from the blastopore

69
Q

How many animal phylum exists, and what is inferred from it?

A

3 dozen phyla of extant animals exist

Genome, morphological traits, and rRNA genes are inferred

70
Q

What do all animals share, and what is the resulting clade called?

A

All animals share a common ancestor

\Forms a clade called Metazoa

71
Q

What is the basal animal?

A

sponges

72
Q

What is the clade Eumatozoa, and its basal species?

A

a clade of animals with true tissues

Basal eumetazoans include comb jellies and diploblastic, and are radial symmetric

73
Q

What is the largest animal phlya, and 2 shared derived traits of the phyla>

A

Bilateria

Bilateral symmetry

Presence of three germ layers

74
Q

What are the three major clades of bilaterian animals?

A

Deuterostomia, lophotrochozoa, and ecdysozoa

75
Q

What does the clade deuterostomia include?

A

clade including hemichordates (acorn worms), echinoderms (sea stars), and chordates

76
Q

What traits the hemichordates and chordates share? (3)

A

Gill slits

Dorsal nerve cords

Echinoderms lack these

77
Q

What is a charateristic of Ecdysozoa, and what does it include?

A

secrete exoskeletons

Includes nematodes, arthropods

78
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

process of molting exoskeleton

79
Q

What are characteristics of Lophotrochozoa?

A

some develop lophophores

have a trochophore larval stage

80
Q

what is the lophophore?

A

unique structure of a crown with ciliated tentacles to feed

81
Q

What is the trhochophore larval stage?

A

developmental stage of molluscs and annelidsW

82
Q

What is controversial about the phylogeny of sponges?

A

under debate if they are monophyletic

83
Q

What organism is investigated to be the basal metazoan, and why is there resistance?

A

ctenophores (comb jellies)

They do not resemble choanoflagellates and have true tissues

84
Q

What species is the basal bilaterian?

A

under debate

Some conclude flatworms, while others place them within Deuterstomia

BI158 (16 decks)

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