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BI158 > Chapter 32 > Flashcards

Chapter 32 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutritional modes of plants, fungi, and animals

A

Plants- autotrophic eukaryotes

Fungi- heterotrophs

Animals- ingesting organic material

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2
Q

How do animal and fungi differ in nutritional modes?

A

Animals ingest then secrete enzymes, opposite of fungi

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3
Q

What are 4 characteristics of animal cells?

A

Eukaryotic

Lack cell walls

External proteins in the cell membrane provides structure
Ex- collagen

Orgnaized into tissues

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4
Q

What is the reproduction method of animals, and what stage is dominant?

A

Sexually

Dominant diploid stage

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5
Q

What occurs during the haploid stage of animals? (3)

A

meiotic division to produce eggs and sperm

Small, flagellated sperm

Larger, nonmotile egg

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6
Q

What is cleavage, and what does it lead to?

A

mitotic cell division without cell growth done by zygote

leads to a blastula

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7
Q

What is a blastula, and what does it lead to?

A

multicellular stage which the zygote takes a form of a ball

gastrulation

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8
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

process where embryonic tissues form that wild evelop into adult body parts

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9
Q

What is a larva, and three ways it differs from an adult?

A

sexually immature form of an animal

Morphologically distinct from the adult

Usually feeds on different food

Can inhibit different habitats

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10
Q

What is metamorphosis, and what is the result?

A

developmental transformation of a larvae that turns it into a juvenile

Juvenile looks like the adult but is not sexually mature

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11
Q

What trait is shared amongst a broad taxa?

A

Genes that control development

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12
Q

What do development genes do, and what do they contain?

A

Regulate expression of other genes
Contains homeoboxes- sets of DNA sequences

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13
Q

What are hox genes, what do they contain, 3 roles, and how did they arise?

A

unique homeobox shared by most animals

Contains family of genes

Aids in development of animal embryo

Controls expression of genes influencing morphology

Regulates formation of anterior-posterior axis

Arose through duplication of homeobox genes

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14
Q

What species lack hox genes, but what do they possess?

A

sponges

other homeoboxes that influence shape

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15
Q

When did animals arise?

A

710 million years ago

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16
Q

How do we know when animals arose (3)?

A

From fossil steroids that produced sponges

Molecular clock estimates sponges originated 700 million years ago

Common ancestor of all extant animal species lived about 770 million years ago

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17
Q

How did we find the origins of multicellular animals?

A

identify protists groups closely related to animals

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18
Q

What are multicellular animals closest living relatives?

A

choanoflagellates

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19
Q

How do we know that multicellular animals adn choanoflagellates are closely related? (4)

A

Common ancestor of animals and choanoflagellates may have been suspension feeders

Choanoflagellate cells and collor cells of sponges are morphologically indistinguishable

Collar cells in flatworms and other animals are also similar to choanoflagellate cells

DNA sequence indicate choanoflagellates and animals are sister groups

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20
Q

What do choanoflagellates and animals share?

A

Same signal genes and adhesion proteins
Ex- cadherins- adhesion proteins

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21
Q

How does multicellularity arise?

A

only if cells can adhere and signal to each other

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22
Q

How did cadherin proteins arise?

A

Cadherin domain in choanoflagellate underwent rearrangement and incorporation of other novel domains to form animal cadherin domains

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23
Q

When was the Neoproterozoic Era, and what 2 things were found?

A

1 billion to 542 million yeats ago

First accepted animal fossil dates 560 million years ago

Also contains fossils of animal embryos
Still debated whether they are animal embryos

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24
Q

What was the first accepted animal fossil, and what was it thought to be?

A

ossil of ediacaran biota- Soft-bodied multicellular eukaryote

THOUGHT TO BE MOLLUSCS, SPONGES, AND CNIDARIANS

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25
When was the Ediacaran period, and what was found?
635-542 million years ago Evidence of predation
26
What was the first evidence of predation?
Cloudina- animal whose body was protected by a shell shows signs of attack
27
When was the Paleozoic era?
542-251 million years ago
28
When was the Cambrian period, and what occured?
535-525 Cambrian explosion- findings of the oldest fossils of about half of alle xtant animal phyla
29
What was found in the Cambrian explosion?
Includes arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms Includes first large animal Most are bilaterians- clade have two-sided or bilaterally symmetric form
30
What do bilaterians possess (2), and what do they include?
Possess complete digestive tract Efficient digestive system with mouth at one end and anus at the other Includes molluscs, arthropods, chordates
31
What increased in the Cambrian period, and what did it lead to?
diversity of the Cambrian period increases, Ediacaran life-forms decline
32
Why did soft-bodied Ediacarian species decline? (3)
Predator-prey relationships emerged, and led to the decline of soft-bodied ediacaran species Increase of atmospheric oxygen led to the decline Genetic changes affecting development, like Hox genes and microRNAs facilitated formation of new forms
33
WHat followed the Cambrian period? (2)
increase in diversity episodes of mass extinction
34
What were the first terrestrial species, and what two evidences point to this?
Arthropods were the first terrestrial species Through fossils of millipedes, centipedes, and spiders Emergence of fern galls- fern openings where insects resided
35
When did vertebrates colonize lands, and what were the first ones?
365 million years ago Tetrapods- Amphibians and amniotes (reptiles) survived
36
When was the Mesozoic Era?
251 to 65.5 million years ago
37
What occured during the Mesozoic Era? (7)
Animals began spreading to new habitats Coral reef formed Some reptiles returned to water Tetrapods developed wings and other flight equipment Dinosaurs arose First mammals- tiny nocturnal insect eaters emerged Angiosperms and insects underwent dramatic diversification
38
What occured during the Cenozoic era (3)?
Ushered by mass extinction of terrestrial and marine mammals- Includes large, nonflyig dinosaurs and marine reptiles Large herbivores and predators emmerged Climate began to cool, and animals began to shift habitat
39
What is a body plan?
particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole
40
What is radial symmetry?
does not have a left or right side
41
What does sessile mean?
attached to a substrate
42
What type of animals are usially radial? (2)
Sessile planktonic
43
What does bilateral symmetry mean, and three things they possess?
have a left and right side Dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), left, right, anterior, and posterior Have sensory equipment in the anterior active movement
44
What are true tissue, and an animal that do not have true tissues?
isolated from other tissues by membranous layers Sponges lack true tissues
45
What occurs during gastrulation?
embryo becomes layeres develops germ layers which form into various tissues and organs
46
What are the three type of germ layers?
ectoderm endoderm mesoderm
47
What is the ectoderm, and what does it give rise to?
germ layer covering surface of the embryo Gives rise to skin and in some, the central nervous system
48
What is the endoderm, what does it line, and what does it give rise to?
innermost germ layer Lines pouch form in gastrulation Gives rise to digestive tract and liver and lungs
49
What does diploblastic mean, and an example organism?
animals only possessing the ectoderm and endoderm Cnidarians
50
What does triploblastic mean, and example organisms?
possession of a third germ layer All bilaterally symmetrical animals
51
What is the mesoderm, and what does it form?
fills space between ectoderm and endoderm Forms the muscle and other organs
52
What the coelem, and what does it form from?
Fluid or air filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall tissues derived from mesoderms
53
What does the tissue surrounding the coelom do?
connects and suspends internal organs
54
What is a coelomate?
animals with true coeloms
55
What is a pseudocoelom?
cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm
56
What is a pseudocoelomates?
animals with pseudocoelom
57
What is an acoelomate?
animals lacking a body cavity
58
Four functions of the body cavity
Cushions suspended organs Prevent internal injuries Contain noncompressible fluids acting like a skeleton for muscles Ex- earthworms Enables independent growth and movement of organs
59
How do protostome and deuterostome development differ? (3)
Cleavage Coelom formation Fate of blastopore
60
What kind of cleavage does protostome development undergo? (3)
spiral, determinate cleavage Cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo Smaller cells centered over larger, underlying cells
61
what is determinate cleavage? (2)
animals with protostome development casts the fate of each cell early on If one cell was removed, the embryo would not fully form
62
What kind of cleavage do deuterostome development undergo? (2)
radial, indeterminate cleavage Cleavage planes are parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo
63
What is indeterminate cleavage?
each cell produced retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
64
What is archenteron, and what does it become?
a blind pouch formed by the digestive tube of the embryo Becomes the gut
65
How does the coelom form in protostome development?
solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
66
How does the coelom form in deuterostome development?
mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron, coelom arising from its cavity
67
What is the blastopore, and what does it become?
indentation that leads to the formation of the archenteron Blastopore and a second opening becomes the mouth and anus
68
What is the fate of the blastopore in protostome and deterustomes?
Prostome development- mouth develops from the blastopore Deuterostome development- anus develops from the blastopore
69
How many animal phylum exists, and what is inferred from it?
3 dozen phyla of extant animals exist Genome, morphological traits, and rRNA genes are inferred
70
What do all animals share, and what is the resulting clade called?
All animals share a common ancestor \Forms a clade called Metazoa
71
What is the basal animal?
sponges
72
What is the clade Eumatozoa, and its basal species?
a clade of animals with true tissues Basal eumetazoans include comb jellies and diploblastic, and are radial symmetric
73
What is the largest animal phlya, and 2 shared derived traits of the phyla>
Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Presence of three germ layers
74
What are the three major clades of bilaterian animals?
Deuterostomia, lophotrochozoa, and ecdysozoa
75
What does the clade deuterostomia include?
clade including hemichordates (acorn worms), echinoderms (sea stars), and chordates
76
What traits the hemichordates and chordates share? (3)
Gill slits Dorsal nerve cords Echinoderms lack these
77
What is a charateristic of Ecdysozoa, and what does it include?
secrete exoskeletons Includes nematodes, arthropods
78
What is ecdysis?
process of molting exoskeleton
79
What are characteristics of Lophotrochozoa?
some develop lophophores have a trochophore larval stage
80
what is the lophophore?
unique structure of a crown with ciliated tentacles to feed
81
What is the trhochophore larval stage?
developmental stage of molluscs and annelidsW
82
What is controversial about the phylogeny of sponges?
under debate if they are monophyletic
83
What organism is investigated to be the basal metazoan, and why is there resistance?
ctenophores (comb jellies) They do not resemble choanoflagellates and have true tissues
84
What species is the basal bilaterian?
under debate Some conclude flatworms, while others place them within Deuterstomia

BI158 (16 decks)

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