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Chapter 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What are seeds?

A

plant embryo and food supply with a protective coat

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2
Q

What are 5 characteristics of seed plants?

A

Reduced gametophytes

Heterosporous

Ovules

Pollen

Does not require water for fertilization

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3
Q

What are two advantages of reduced gametophytes?

A

Most are microscopic in seed plants

Size allows them to develop from spores retained within the sporangia of the parental sporophyte

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4
Q

Why is developing inside the parent sporophyte beneficial? (2)

A

Reproductive tissue of sporophyte shields the gametophytes from UV radiation and prevents drying out

Enables gametophyte to obtain nutrients from the parent

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5
Q

What does heterosporous mean?

A

produces two kinds of spores

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6
Q

What produces megaspores, how many gets produced, and what do the megaspores rise into?

A

megasporangia

Each megasporangium gives one megaspore

Rises into female gametophytes

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7
Q

What produces microspores, how many gets produced, and what do the microspores give rise into?

A

microsporangia

Each microsporangium produces many microspores

Gives rise to the male gametophyte

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8
Q

Where is the megasporangium found?

A

The seed plant retains megasporangium within the parent sporophyte

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9
Q

What is integument?

A

a layer of sporophyte tissue enveloping and protecting the megasporangium

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10
Q

how many integuments do gymnosperms and angiosperms have?

A

Gymnosperm has one integument

Angiosperm has two integuments

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11
Q

What is an ovule?

A

a structure consisting of the megasporangium, megaspore, and their integuments

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12
Q

where does the female gametophyte develop and what does it produce?

A

develops inside it from a megaspore

produces one or more eggs

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13
Q

what is a pollen grain, what does it form from, and what does it give rise to?

A

male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

Formed from a microspore

After germinating, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte

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14
Q

what is sporopollenin?

A

molecules in the pollen wall protecting the grain as it is being transported

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15
Q

What is pollination?

A

transfer of pollen to the ovule

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16
Q

what is the benefit of pollination?

A

Allows seed plants to colonize dry habitats

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17
Q

what is the sporophyte embryo, and what does it develop into?

A

developed zygote after a sperm fertilizes an egg in a seed plant

Ovule develops into a seed

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18
Q

what are three advantages of seeds?

A

Multicellular, unlike unicellular spores of seedless plants and mosses

Can remain dormant for long periods of time

They have a supply of stored food

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19
Q

What are the two clades of extant seed plants?

A

gymnosperm

angiosperm

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20
Q

What is a gymnosperm, and what kind of plants are they mostly?

A

naked seeds exposed on modified leaves, usually forming cones

Often conifers- cone-bearing plants

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21
Q

what are angiosperms?

A

seeds enclosed in chambers that mature into fruit

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22
Q

what is the sporophyte of a pine tree, and where is the sporangia found?

A

the pine tree itself

in the cones

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23
Q

What do pine trees possess?

A

small pollen cones and large ovulate cones

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24
Q

what do the cones do?

A

Undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores

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25
what do the microspores develop into in pines?
pollen grain
26
How is pollen released in pine cones?
dispersed in large amounts
27
How long does gametophyte production take?
Takes 3 years for the gametophytes to be produced, be brought together, and seeds to form
28
How are pine seeds dispersed?
Seeds are dispersed as the scales separate
29
where did early gymnosperms exist, what did they replace, and what were their role?
Lived in moist, carboniferous ecosystems dominated by seedless vascular plants As the climate dried, gymnosperms replaced the seedless vascular plants Served as food supply for giant herbivorous dinosaurs
30
What is included in Phylum Cycadophyta, 3 characteristics, and their environmental population status?
Cycads Large cones Palmlike leaves Flagellated sperm- descended from seedless vascular plants Endangered
31
What is in Phylum Ginkophyta, and what is a characteristic?
Only ginkgo biloba remains Flagellated sperm
32
What is included in Phylum Gnetophyta, and where do they exist?
Includes gnetum, ephedra, and welwitschia Range from tropical to rid environments
33
How large is Phylum Coniferophyta, what do they consist of, and 2 characteristics?
Largest gymnosperm phyla Consists of conifers Woody or fleshy cones Evergreen
34
What are angiosperms called, and how common are they?
Aka flowering plants Most diverse and widespread of all plants
35
What phylum do angiosperms belong to?
Anthophyta
36
What is a flower, and how are they pollinated?
unique angiosperm structure for sexual reproduction Pollenated through insects or wind
37
What are the four main floral organs?
Sepals Petals Stamen Carpels
38
What is the sepal, its color, and its role?
base of the flower Usually green Encloses the flowers before opening
39
What are petals, and its sexual status?
brightly colored organs to attract pollinators Both petals and sepals are sterile
40
What does the stamen produce, and what does it consist of?
produces microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes Consists of filament (stalk) and anther (terminal sac)
41
Where is pollen produced?
anther
42
What does the carpel produce, and what does it do?
produces megaspores and female gametophytes Constraints the seeds
43
What is the stigma?
sticky tip of carpel that receives pollen
44
What is the style?
leads from stigma to the base of the carpel
45
What is the ovary?
base of carpel containing ovules
46
How do complete and incomplete flowers differ?
Complete flowers- flowers with all four organs Incomplete flowers- those that lack one of the organs
47
What is a fruit, and what does it do?
mature ovary after fertilization Protects seeds and aids in dispersal
48
What kind of fruits exist, and their roles?
Can be fleshy (tomatoes) or dry (beans) Dry fruits split to release seeds Fleshy fruits soften and ripen
49
What is unique about dandelion and maple fruits?
seeds within fruits that function as parachutes for dispersal
50
How did coconuts adapt?
to disperse by water
51
What is the point of sweet fruit?
Sweet fruit seeds get consumed and excreted
52
What do angiosperm sporophyte produce?
microspores and megaspores
53
Where is the male gametophyte, and where does it develop?
in pollen grain develops in the anters
54
What makes up the male gametophyte, and their roles? (3)
Has two haploid cells Generative cell- divides forming two sperm Tube cell- produces pollen tube
55
What is an embryosac, and what does it consist of?
female gametophyte that develops in the ovary Consists of the egg
56
Where is pollen carried to?
stigma
57
How do flowers enhance genetic variability, and an example?
ensures cross-pollination Ex- maturation of anther and carpel at different times
58
What does the pollen grain do?
absorbs water and germinates after adhering to the carpel
59
What does the tube cell produce?
Tube cell produces pollen tube, growing down the carpel
60
What does the pollen tube do?
Tube penetrates micropyle (Pore in the integuments of the ovules)
61
What does the pollen do after penetration?
Discharges two sperm cells
62
what do the two sperm cells do, what is the process called, and what is unique about this process?
One sperm fertilizes egg to form a diploid zygote Other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of female gametophyte, producing triploid cell Aka double fertilization Unique to angiosperm
63
What does the ovule become?
matures into a seed
64
What does the zygote develop into?
an embryo with root and leaves called cotyledon
65
What do triploid cells develop into, and what is the reason?
develops into endosperm (Tissue rich in starch to nourish embryo) Synchronizes food storage of seed with embryo development
66
How did angiosperm evolve? (2)
Still unknown how angiosperms arose from earlier seed plants Sudden geographically widespread appearance of angiosperm
67
when did angiosperms originate, and when did they dominate?
originated early Creceous by mid-Creceous, they dominated
68
When was angiosperm found, and when did they diversify?
after the Jurassic period Group arose and began to diversify over 20-30 million years
69
What was the ancestor of angiosperms, and what are extant angiosperms related to?
Angiosperm common ancestor was probably woody Extant angiosperm may be more related to extant woody seed plants than extant gymnosperm
70
What were early angiosperms like?
Early angiosperms were shrubs that had small flowers
71
What negative impacts do herbivores have on plants, and how do plants respond?
Herbivores reduce plant’s reproductive success by eating it Plants that develop a defense system is favored by natural selection
72
What is an example of beneficial mutual interactions that produce evolutionary effects in plants?
pollination
73
how does bilateral and radial symmetry differ?
Bilateral symmetry- flower can be divided into equal parts by a single imaginary line Radial symmetry- petals, stamens, and carpels radiate out from a center Can be divided into two equal parts at any line
74
How does flower shape affect evolution? (2)
affect rate of which new species form Bilateral symmetry makes it more likely that pollen transferred will make contact with a stigma of another flower- increasing its genetic diversity and speciation compared to radial species
75
What are monocots, 5 characteristics, and examples?
species with one cotyledon Parallel leaf vain Scattered vascular tissue Fibrous root system- no main root Pollen grain with 1 opening Floral organs usually in multiples of three Ex- maize, rice, wheat
76
What are dicots, and what kind of classification are they?
species with two cotyledon Paraphyletic
77
What are eucots, 5 characteristics, and examples?
true dicots Netlike leaf vein Ringed vascular tissue Taproot is present 3 openings in pollen grains Flower organs in multiples of 4 or 5 Ex- snow pea, oak, maple, peas, and roses
78
what do basal angiosperm include, what were they formerly, and examples?
includes flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineage 3 of four small lineages of former dicots Water lilies, star anise
79
What are magnolids, what are they related to, and examples?
Fourth lineage of basal angiosperms that evolved later More closely related to eudicots and monocots Ex- magnolias, laurels, black pepper
80
How are angiosperms distinguished? (2)
Number of cotyledons Further distinguished using flower and leaf structure
81
Different products of seed plants (7)
Maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes make up 80% of diet Also used to feed livestock Current crops arised from artificial selection and domestication Act as sources of edible products- tea, and cocoa Spices- vanilla, basil, cinnamon Source of wood For medicine- willow leaves and bark
82
What is a threat to plant diversity, and what two things does it lead to?
Human population threatens plant species space and resources Leads to loss of insect and rain forest animals Also reduces CO2 absorption and contributes to global warming

BI158 (16 decks)

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