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BI158 > Chapter 30 > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What are seeds?

A

plant embryo and food supply with a protective coat

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2
Q

What are 5 characteristics of seed plants?

A

Reduced gametophytes

Heterosporous

Ovules

Pollen

Does not require water for fertilization

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3
Q

What are two advantages of reduced gametophytes?

A

Most are microscopic in seed plants

Size allows them to develop from spores retained within the sporangia of the parental sporophyte

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4
Q

Why is developing inside the parent sporophyte beneficial? (2)

A

Reproductive tissue of sporophyte shields the gametophytes from UV radiation and prevents drying out

Enables gametophyte to obtain nutrients from the parent

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5
Q

What does heterosporous mean?

A

produces two kinds of spores

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6
Q

What produces megaspores, how many gets produced, and what do the megaspores rise into?

A

megasporangia

Each megasporangium gives one megaspore

Rises into female gametophytes

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7
Q

What produces microspores, how many gets produced, and what do the microspores give rise into?

A

microsporangia

Each microsporangium produces many microspores

Gives rise to the male gametophyte

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8
Q

Where is the megasporangium found?

A

The seed plant retains megasporangium within the parent sporophyte

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9
Q

What is integument?

A

a layer of sporophyte tissue enveloping and protecting the megasporangium

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10
Q

how many integuments do gymnosperms and angiosperms have?

A

Gymnosperm has one integument

Angiosperm has two integuments

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11
Q

What is an ovule?

A

a structure consisting of the megasporangium, megaspore, and their integuments

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12
Q

where does the female gametophyte develop and what does it produce?

A

develops inside it from a megaspore

produces one or more eggs

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13
Q

what is a pollen grain, what does it form from, and what does it give rise to?

A

male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

Formed from a microspore

After germinating, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte

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14
Q

what is sporopollenin?

A

molecules in the pollen wall protecting the grain as it is being transported

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15
Q

What is pollination?

A

transfer of pollen to the ovule

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16
Q

what is the benefit of pollination?

A

Allows seed plants to colonize dry habitats

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17
Q

what is the sporophyte embryo, and what does it develop into?

A

developed zygote after a sperm fertilizes an egg in a seed plant

Ovule develops into a seed

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18
Q

what are three advantages of seeds?

A

Multicellular, unlike unicellular spores of seedless plants and mosses

Can remain dormant for long periods of time

They have a supply of stored food

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19
Q

What are the two clades of extant seed plants?

A

gymnosperm

angiosperm

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20
Q

What is a gymnosperm, and what kind of plants are they mostly?

A

naked seeds exposed on modified leaves, usually forming cones

Often conifers- cone-bearing plants

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21
Q

what are angiosperms?

A

seeds enclosed in chambers that mature into fruit

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22
Q

what is the sporophyte of a pine tree, and where is the sporangia found?

A

the pine tree itself

in the cones

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23
Q

What do pine trees possess?

A

small pollen cones and large ovulate cones

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24
Q

what do the cones do?

A

Undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores

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25
Q

what do the microspores develop into in pines?

A

pollen grain

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26
Q

How is pollen released in pine cones?

A

dispersed in large amounts

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27
Q

How long does gametophyte production take?

A

Takes 3 years for the gametophytes to be produced, be brought together, and seeds to form

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28
Q

How are pine seeds dispersed?

A

Seeds are dispersed as the scales separate

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29
Q

where did early gymnosperms exist, what did they replace, and what were their role?

A

Lived in moist, carboniferous ecosystems dominated by seedless vascular plants

As the climate dried, gymnosperms replaced the seedless vascular plants

Served as food supply for giant herbivorous dinosaurs

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30
Q

What is included in Phylum Cycadophyta, 3 characteristics, and their environmental population status?

A

Cycads

Large cones

Palmlike leaves

Flagellated sperm- descended from seedless vascular plants

Endangered

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31
Q

What is in Phylum Ginkophyta, and what is a characteristic?

A

Only ginkgo biloba remains

Flagellated sperm

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32
Q

What is included in Phylum Gnetophyta, and where do they exist?

A

Includes gnetum, ephedra, and welwitschia

Range from tropical to rid environments

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33
Q

How large is Phylum Coniferophyta, what do they consist of, and 2 characteristics?

A

Largest gymnosperm phyla

Consists of conifers

Woody or fleshy cones

Evergreen

34
Q

What are angiosperms called, and how common are they?

A

Aka flowering plants

Most diverse and widespread of all plants

35
Q

What phylum do angiosperms belong to?

A

Anthophyta

36
Q

What is a flower, and how are they pollinated?

A

unique angiosperm structure for sexual reproduction

Pollenated through insects or wind

37
Q

What are the four main floral organs?

A

Sepals

Petals

Stamen

Carpels

38
Q

What is the sepal, its color, and its role?

A

base of the flower

Usually green

Encloses the flowers before opening

39
Q

What are petals, and its sexual status?

A

brightly colored organs to attract pollinators

Both petals and sepals are sterile

40
Q

What does the stamen produce, and what does it consist of?

A

produces microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes

Consists of filament (stalk) and anther (terminal sac)

41
Q

Where is pollen produced?

A

anther

42
Q

What does the carpel produce, and what does it do?

A

produces megaspores and female
gametophytes

Constraints the seeds

43
Q

What is the stigma?

A

sticky tip of carpel that receives pollen

44
Q

What is the style?

A

leads from stigma to the base of the carpel

45
Q

What is the ovary?

A

base of carpel containing ovules

46
Q

How do complete and incomplete flowers differ?

A

Complete flowers- flowers with all four organs
Incomplete flowers- those that lack one of the organs

47
Q

What is a fruit, and what does it do?

A

mature ovary after fertilization

Protects seeds and aids in dispersal

48
Q

What kind of fruits exist, and their roles?

A

Can be fleshy (tomatoes) or dry (beans)

Dry fruits split to release seeds

Fleshy fruits soften and ripen

49
Q

What is unique about dandelion and maple fruits?

A

seeds within fruits that function as parachutes for dispersal

50
Q

How did coconuts adapt?

A

to disperse by water

51
Q

What is the point of sweet fruit?

A

Sweet fruit seeds get consumed and excreted

52
Q

What do angiosperm sporophyte produce?

A

microspores and megaspores

53
Q

Where is the male gametophyte, and where does it develop?

A

in pollen grain

develops in the anters

54
Q

What makes up the male gametophyte, and their roles? (3)

A

Has two haploid cells

Generative cell- divides forming two sperm

Tube cell- produces pollen tube

55
Q

What is an embryosac, and what does it consist of?

A

female gametophyte that develops in the ovary

Consists of the egg

56
Q

Where is pollen carried to?

A

stigma

57
Q

How do flowers enhance genetic variability, and an example?

A

ensures cross-pollination

Ex- maturation of anther and carpel at different times

58
Q

What does the pollen grain do?

A

absorbs water and germinates after adhering to the carpel

59
Q

What does the tube cell produce?

A

Tube cell produces pollen tube, growing down the carpel

60
Q

What does the pollen tube do?

A

Tube penetrates micropyle
(Pore in the integuments of the ovules)

61
Q

What does the pollen do after penetration?

A

Discharges two sperm cells

62
Q

what do the two sperm cells do, what is the process called, and what is unique about this process?

A

One sperm fertilizes egg to form a diploid zygote

Other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of female gametophyte, producing triploid cell

Aka double fertilization

Unique to angiosperm

63
Q

What does the ovule become?

A

matures into a seed

64
Q

What does the zygote develop into?

A

an embryo with root and leaves called cotyledon

65
Q

What do triploid cells develop into, and what is the reason?

A

develops into endosperm
(Tissue rich in starch to nourish embryo)

Synchronizes food storage of seed with embryo development

66
Q

How did angiosperm evolve? (2)

A

Still unknown how angiosperms arose from earlier seed plants

Sudden geographically widespread appearance of angiosperm

67
Q

when did angiosperms originate, and when did they dominate?

A

originated early Creceous

by mid-Creceous, they dominated

68
Q

When was angiosperm found, and when did they diversify?

A

after the Jurassic period

Group arose and began to diversify over 20-30 million years

69
Q

What was the ancestor of angiosperms, and what are extant angiosperms related to?

A

Angiosperm common ancestor was probably woody

Extant angiosperm may be more related to extant woody seed plants than extant gymnosperm

70
Q

What were early angiosperms like?

A

Early angiosperms were shrubs that had small flowers

71
Q

What negative impacts do herbivores have on plants, and how do plants respond?

A

Herbivores reduce plant’s reproductive success by eating it

Plants that develop a defense system is favored by natural selection

72
Q

What is an example of beneficial mutual interactions that produce evolutionary effects in plants?

A

pollination

73
Q

how does bilateral and radial symmetry differ?

A

Bilateral symmetry- flower can be divided into equal parts by a single imaginary line

Radial symmetry- petals, stamens, and carpels radiate out from a center
Can be divided into two equal parts at any line

74
Q

How does flower shape affect evolution? (2)

A

affect rate of which new species form

Bilateral symmetry makes it more likely that pollen transferred will make contact with a stigma of another flower- increasing its genetic diversity and speciation compared to radial species

75
Q

What are monocots, 5 characteristics, and examples?

A

species with one cotyledon

Parallel leaf vain

Scattered vascular tissue

Fibrous root system- no main root

Pollen grain with 1 opening

Floral organs usually in multiples of three

Ex- maize, rice, wheat

76
Q

What are dicots, and what kind of classification are they?

A

species with two cotyledon

Paraphyletic

77
Q

What are eucots, 5 characteristics, and examples?

A

true dicots

Netlike leaf vein

Ringed vascular tissue

Taproot is present

3 openings in pollen grains

Flower organs in multiples of 4 or 5

Ex- snow pea, oak, maple, peas, and roses

78
Q

what do basal angiosperm include, what were they formerly, and examples?

A

includes flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineage

3 of four small lineages of former dicots

Water lilies, star anise

79
Q

What are magnolids, what are they related to, and examples?

A

Fourth lineage of basal angiosperms that evolved later

More closely related to eudicots and monocots

Ex- magnolias, laurels, black pepper

80
Q

How are angiosperms distinguished? (2)

A

Number of cotyledons

Further distinguished using flower and leaf structure

81
Q

Different products of seed plants (7)

A

Maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes make up 80% of diet

Also used to feed livestock

Current crops arised from artificial
selection and domestication

Act as sources of edible products- tea, and cocoa

Spices- vanilla, basil, cinnamon

Source of wood

For medicine- willow leaves and bark

82
Q

What is a threat to plant diversity, and what two things does it lead to?

A

Human population threatens plant species space and resources

Leads to loss of insect and rain forest animals

Also reduces CO2 absorption and contributes to global warming

BI158 (16 decks)

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