Chapter 33.2 Flashcards
What are the 2 characteristics of ecdysozoans?
Animals with cuticles
Ecdysis- molting
What do nematodes include (2), what is found at each tip, what is it covered in, and what does it possess?
Roundworms
plants parasites and agricultural pests, animal parasites
Fine tip at the posterior, blunt tip at the anterior
Covered by cuticle, shedding as it grows
Alimentary canal
What kind of circulatory system do nematodes have, how is nutrient transferred, how does it move, and what does it do for the environment?
Lack circulatory system
Nutrients transferred via fluid in the pseudocoelom
Longitudinal muscles to produce a thrashing motion
Helps in decomposition and nutrient cycling
Example of nematode parasite
Causes trichinosis after eating raw pork
Lifecycle of nematode animal parasites (5)
Ingested as juvenile worms encysted in muscles
Develop within the host
Female burrows in the intestinal muscles and reproduces
New offspring bore int lymphatic vessel to other organs
Can redirect cellular functions of host
Body of arthropods (3), what period did they originate, and what did they evolve from?
Segmented body
Hard exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
From the cabrian periods
Lobopods
What are trilobites?
early arthropods
How did arthropods evolve (2)?
Segments fused and became fewer
Appendage became specialized for variety of function
Arthropod unusual hox gene influences (2)
Both influence segmentation
Changes in the sequence or regulation of existing Hox genes
five roles of modified joined appendages in arthropods
Walking
Feeding
Sensory reception
Reproduction
Defense
What is the body of arthropods covered in, what is it made up of, and 4 roles?
overed in cuticle called exoskeleton
Layers of proteins and chitin
Provides protection
Acts as a base for muscle attachment
Enabled arthropods to live on land
Impermeable to water to prevent desiccation
Why are disadvantages of molting? (2)
Energetically expensive
Molted arthropod is subject to predation as new skeleton is soft
Three sensory organs in arthropods, and where are they found?
Eyes
Olfactory receptors
Antennae for touch and smell
Concentrated at the anterior
What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?
Open circulatory system- has hemolymph propelled by a heart into spaces surrounding tissues and organs
Inner body of arthropods (2)
Homocoel- hemolymph-filled body sinuses
Reduced coelem
How does gas exchange occur in arthropods (3)?
Allows diffusion in spite of exoskeleton
Some Have thin, feathery gills
Some have pores in cuticles
What are the three lineages of arthropods?
Chelicerates- sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpion, ticks, mites, and spiders
Myriapods- centipedes and millipedes
Pancrustaceans- insects, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, and other crustaceans
WHat is chelicerae?
clawlike feeding appendage
Pinces or fangs
What kind of body do chelcierates have, and what do they lack and possess instead?
Anterior cephalothorax nd posterior abdomen
Lack antennae
Have simple eyes
What is the earliest chelicerate?
eurypterids- water scorpions
What do arachnids include, and the 3 types of appendages it has>
scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites
Have six pairs of appendages
Chelicerae- to hunt prey and
secrete poison
Pedipalps- for sensing, feeding,
defense, and reproduction
Four pairs of walking legs
What are book lungs, and what animal has them?
stacked platelike structures contained in an internal chamber for gas exchange
Found in spiders
How is spider silk produced, spun, how is it learned, and used for?
Produced by a liquid protein in the abdominal gland
Spun by spinnerets into fibers
Inherited behavior
Used to droplines to escape, cover eggs, and wrap foods for courtship, and transport themselves by wind
Where are myriapods found, and what do they possess?
Terrestrial
Head has a pair of antennae and three pairs of appendages for mouthparts
how do millipedes and centipedes differ?
Millipedes
Each segment have two pairs of legs
Feed on plant matter
Centipedes
Each segment has one pair of legs
Carnivores
Possess poison claws in the foremost truck segment to paraluze prey
What are pancrustaceans, and why don’t we call them crustaceans?
Terrestrial insects are more closely related to lobsters than myriapods
Crustaceans are paraphyletic
What kind of appendages do lobsters and crayfish have (4)?
19 pairs of appendages
Anterior appendage is antennae
Three pairs are mouthparts
Have appendages on abdomen
How do small crustaceans diffuse gas and waste? (3)
Exchange gas through cuticles
Larger ones have gills
Diffuses nitrogenous waste through the cuticle
How do crustaceans reproduce?
Specialized abdominal appendage to transfer sperm
What are isopods?
pill bugs and wood lice
What do decapods include, what kind of cuticles do they have, and what do the possess?
Lobsters, crayfishes, crabs, and shrimps
Calcium carbonate cuticles
Carapace- portion that protects the dorsal cephalothorax
What do copepods include, and their role in the environment?
Small crustaceans in plankton
Food source for whales or fertilizer
What are barnacles, and how do they feed?
Sessile crustacean with calcium carbonate cuticle
Feed by extending appendages from their shell to strain food
What phylum are insects and when did they evolve flight?
Hexapoda
Flight evolved during the Carboniferous and Permian periods
What kind of wings do insects have, and why is it important (3)?
1-2 pairs of wings emerging from the dorsal thorax
Extensions of the cuticles
Allows flight without sacrificing legs
How did insects radiate in response to plants? 2
Special modes of feeding arose to feed on different plants
Diversity of insects are associated with radiations of flowering plants
What is incomplete metamorphosis?
nymphs resemble adults but smaller
How do nymphs differ? (3)
Different body proportions
Lack wings
Undergoes series of molts to reach adult hood
What are stages of complete metamorphosis (3)?
Larval stages for eating and growing
Caterpillar, maggot, grub
Adult stage for dispersal and reproduction
Metamorphosis occurs during pupal stage
How do insects reproduce (5)?
Sexual with individual sexes
Mating through bright colors, sounds, and odors
Internal fertilization
Sperm is deposited into vagina or sperm packet
Spermatheca
Allows for a singular mating in a lifetime
Eggs is layed in food source
What is found in order archaeognatha, characteristics, where are they found, and what do they feed on?
Bristletails
Wingless
Found in bark and moist habitat
Feeds on algae and plant debris
WHat is found in zygentoma, body characteristics, and where are they found (2)?
Silverfish
Flattened body, reduced eyes
Live in compost
Pest in buildings
WHat do coleoptera include, wing type, and mouthpart?
Beetles
Thick and stiff wing, one membrenous
Biting and chewing mouthparts
Wings of Diptera, mouthparts, what do they include, mode of nutrition, and type of eye
One pair of wings, one haltere
Sucking, piercing, or lapping mouthparts
Flies and mosquitos
Scavengers, predators, and parasites
Compound eyes
What do Hymenoptera include, type of insect, type of wings, type of mouthparts?
Ants, bees, wasp
Social
Two membranous wings
Chewing or sucking mouthparts
What do Lepidoptera include, type of wings, and how do they feed?
Butterflies and moths
Scale covered wings
Feed using a proboscis
What do Hemiptera, type of wings, and type of mouthpart
True bugs
Two pairs of wings, one leathery,
one membranous
Piercing or sucking mouthparts
What do orthoptera include, what do they feed on, type of leg, type of wing, type of mouthpart
Grasshoppers, crickets
Hervicorous
Jumping hindlegs
Leathery and one membranous wing
Biting and chewing mouthpart
Roles of insects in the environment (6)
Predators
Parasites
Disease carriers
Competes for food with humans- crops
Decomposers
Food source
Pollination
Protein
What are echinoderms, and what are they closely related to?
Sea starts, sea urchins
Echinoderms and chordates are closely related
What phylum are echinoderms and chordates in, and what do they both undergo?
Both belong to Deuterostomia
Both undergo radial cleavage and anal blastopore
How do echinoderms move, what covers their exoskeleton (2), and what do they possess?
Slow-moving or sessile
Thin epidermis covering endoskeleton
Prickly from spines
Possess water vascular system
Hydraulic canals branching into tube feet for locomotion and feeding
How do echinoderm reproduce? (2)
Sexual
Separate male and female releasign gametes into water
What kind of symmetry do echinoderms and its larvae have? (3)
Radially symmetry
Mouth isnt truly radial
Larvae have bilateral symmetry
What do Asteroidea include?
sea stars and sea daisies
Where do sea daisies live, the shape, and how do they absorb nutrients?
Live on submerged wood
Disk shaped
Absorb nutrients through body membrane
What kind of arms do sea stars have, how do they move, and how do they feed?
Arms radiate from a central disk
Tube feet attach and detach from substrate using muscles and che,icals
Sticks through chemicals, not adhesion
Turns stomach inside out to feed and secrete digestive juices
What does phylum Ophiuroidea include, type of body, how do they move, and how do they feed (2)
Brittle stars
Distinct central disk and long, flexible arms
Move by lashing arms
Suspension feeders
Also acts as predators or scavengers
What do Echinoidea include, their body, how do they move, and what do they feed on?
Sea urchins and sand dollars
No arms
Have 5 rows of tube feet for slow motion
Possess muscles to pivot spine
Used to move and protect
Mouth is underside
Feeds on seaweed
What do Crinoidea include, how do they feed, and their body orientation (2)
sea lilies and feather stars
suspension feeders
arm encircle mouth
directed upwards
How do sea lilies and feather stars differ?
Sea lilies
Attached to substrate by a stalk
Feather stars
Crawl using long, flexible arms
What is found in phylum Holothuroidea, what do they lack, type of endoskeleton, body orientation, and what do they possess?
sea cucumbers
Lack spines
Reduced endoskeleton
Elongated oral-aboral axis
Have 5 tows of tube feet
What do chordates diverge into, and evolve?
Two basal groups of invertebrates, lancelets and tunicates
Evolved independently from echinoderms
Three Characteristics of chordates
Bilaterally symmetric
Coelomate
Segmented bodies
