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BI158 > Chapter 31- FUngi > Flashcards

Chapter 31- FUngi Flashcards

1
Q

What are three key traits most fungi share?

A

Method nutrition is derived

heterotrophs

Forms multicellular filaments

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2
Q

How do fungi absorb nutrients?

A

secrete hydrolytic enzymes

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3
Q

What do enzymes excreted by fungi do? (2)

A

Breaks down complex molecules

Break down cell walls to absorb nutrients

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4
Q

What three roles can fungi act as?

A

Decomposers
Breaks down nonliving organic material

Parasites
Absorbs nutrients from living hosts

Mutualists
Absorbs from a host but reciprocates, like fungi in termites

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5
Q

What are the two most common body structure of fungi?

A

multicellular filaments- majority of fungi

yeast- single cells

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6
Q

Where do yeast cells live, and how does it get nutrients?

A

Inhabits moist environments like living tissue

Provides nutrients for said tissues

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7
Q

What do multicellular fungi form, and what does it possess?

A

hyphae

chitin

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8
Q

What is hyphae, what does it consist of, what is it divided into, and what does it allow?

A

network of tiny filaments

Consists of tubular cell walls surrounding the cell membrane

Divided into cells by septa (cross-walls)

Allows movement to new territory by growing hyphae

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9
Q

What does chitin do? (3)

A

strengthens hyphae

enhances absorption

prevents bursting as fungi absorbs water and nutrients through osmosis

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10
Q

What do septa possess?

A

possesses pores for large molecules to flow from cell to cell

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11
Q

What are coenocytic fungi, what does it consist of, and what does it result from?

A

fungi lacking septa

Consists of cytoplasmic mass with hundreds of nuclei

Results from repeated nucleic division with no cytokinesis

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12
Q

What is mycelium, and what two things does it do?

A

interwoven mass of fungal hyphae

Infiltrates the material that fungus feeds on

Increases surface-to-volume ratio to make feeding efficient

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13
Q

What do specialized hyphae allow?

A

fungi to feed on live animals

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14
Q

What is haustoria?

A

hyphae used to extract and exchange nutrients with plant hosts

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15
Q

What is mycorrhizae, and what do each side do?

A

mutalistic relationship between fungi and plant roots

Improves delivery of minerals to plants
Mycelial networks are more efficient than plant roots

Plants provide fungi with organic nutrients

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16
Q

What is ectomycorrhizal fungi?

A

forms sheaths of hyphae over roots and grow into the extracellular space of the root cortex

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17
Q

What is arbuscular micorrhizal fungi?

A

extend hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane

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18
Q

Why is mycorrhizae important? (3)

A

Helps in natural ecosystems and agriculture

Vascular plants rely on fungi for nutrients

Foresters plant seeds with fungi to promote growth

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19
Q

How do fungi reproduce? (4)

A

Propagate by producing vast numbers of spores

Sexually and asexually

Carried through wind or water

Germinate in moist place with food, producing a new mycelium

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20
Q

During sexual fungi reproduction, are they haploid or diploid?

A

Fungi nuclei and most spores are haploid

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21
Q

How does sexual fungi reproduction begin?

A

Begins when hyphae from two mycelia release pheromones- sexual signaling molecules

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22
Q

What happens after fungi release pheromones? (2)

A

If the mycelia are of different mating types, pheromones bind to one another and hyphae extend towards the pheromones

Hyphae meet and fuse

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23
Q

Why is mating of different mating types important?

A

contributes to genetic variation and prevents hyphae from fusing with genetically identical mycelium

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24
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

union of cytoplasms of two-parent mycelia, which do not fuse right away

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25
Q

What is a heterokaryon?

A

Parts of the fused mycelium have coexisiting different nuclei

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26
Q

What is karyogamy, what does it undergo, and what does it produce?

A

haploid nuclei fuse, forming diploid cells

Undergoes meiosis to restore haploid condition

Produces genetically diverse sexual spores

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27
Q

How does asexual fungi reproduction begin?

A

Grows filamentous fungi producing haploid spores through mitosis

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28
Q

What is mold?

A

visible mycelia of asexual fungi that grows rapidly

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29
Q

What is a second method of asexual fungi reproduction, and how does it occur?

A

by growing yeast

Occurs through cell division and pinches of small bud cells off of a parent cell

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30
Q

What are deuteromycetes?

A

a traditional group of fungi lacking sexual reproduction

31
Q

What are fungi cloesly related to than others?

A

animals than plants and other eukaryotes

32
Q

What did fungi originate from, and what two reasonings support this?

A

Fungi evolved from a flagellated ancestor

Earliest-diverging lineages have flagella

Protists that share a common ancestor with animals and fungi have flagella

33
Q

What are opisthokonts, and what does it refer to?

A

clade of fungi, animals, and protistan relatives

Refers to posterior location of flageullum

34
Q

What is another trait of fungi ancestors, and what is a supporting reason?

A

unicellular

Fungi are even more closely related to single-celled protists than animals

35
Q

What is fungi closely related to?

A

Nucleariids- amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria

36
Q

What are animals most closely related to?

A

choanoflagellates

37
Q

How did multicellularity evolve in animals and fungi?

A

independently from different single-celled ancestors

38
Q

What are chytrids, what genus, what are they also known as, and a characteristic?

A

first lineage to diverge from the fungal common ancestor

Genus- Rozella

Aka cryptomycota

Have flagellated sperm

39
Q

When did fungi colonize land?

A

Fungi colonized land before plants

40
Q

What is green slime?

A

mix of cyanobacteria, algae, and variety of small, heterotrophic species like fungi that arrived on land before plants

41
Q

What did fungi and early land plants do?

A

formed symbiotic associations with land plants

Fungi transferred nutrients to early land plants which lacked roots

42
Q

What is the sym gene?

A

genes on plants which reugire mycorrhizae in order to be expressed

Found in all lineages

43
Q

What are the five major groups of fungi, and which are paraphyletic?

A

Chytrids
Paraphyletic

Zygomycetes
Paraphyletic

Glomereomycetes

Ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes

44
Q

What phylum are chytrids, where are they found, what do they include, and what two things do they possess?

A

Phylum- Chytridiomycota

Ubiquitous in lakes and soils

Found in hydrothermal vents and other marine communities

Includes decomposers, parasites, and mutualistic species

Possess zoospores- flagellated spores

Have cell walls made of chitin

45
Q

How are chytrids found?

A

Found as both single-celled and filamentous

46
Q

What are examples of parasite and mutualist chytrids?

A

Parasite example
Contributes to global amphibian decline

Mutalist example
Chytrids living in gut of cattle to break down plants

47
Q

What phylum are zygomycetes, what do they include, and how do they get nutrition?

A

Phylum Zygomycota

Includes fast-growing mold that rots food products

Can be parasitic or commensal

48
Q

How do asexual lifecycle of zygomycetes occur? (4)

A

Hyphae spreads over food surface, penetrates it, and absorbs

Coenoctic, septa only found where reproductive cells form

Bulbous black sporangia develops at tips of hyphae

Spores develop and disperse, gernminating on moist food

49
Q

How does sexual lifecycle of zygomycetes occur? (4)

A

Occurs when environmental conditions deteriorate, like lack of food

Parents of different mating types produce zygosporangium

Resistant to freezing and drying, and are metabolically active

Undergoes meiosis when conditions improve

50
Q

what are zygosporangium?

A

sturdy structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occurs

51
Q

What phylum are glomeromycetes, what were they formerly thought as, and what two things do they form?

A

Phylum Glomeromycota

Formerly thought to be zygomycetes

Forms arbuscular mycorrhizae

Forms a mutualistic relationship with 80% of plant species

52
Q

What phylum are ascomycetes, what are they known as, where are the found, and what do they produce?

A

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi

Found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

Produces spores (ascospores) in saclike asci

53
Q

how do ascomycetes get nutrition, what do they live with, and where are they found?

A

Can act as decomposers, mutualists, and parasites

25% of ascomycete live with green algae or cyanobacteria

Found in mesophyll cells in leaves and can release toxic compounds to protect the plant from insects

54
Q

How do sexual reproduction of ascomycetes occur? (5)

A

Ascomycetes develop fruiting bodies called ascocarps containing asci

Conidia fuses with hyphae from a different mating type

After forming a dikaryotic hyphae, it develops into many asci

In each asci, karyogamy occurs, and undergoes meiosis to form four genetically
different nuclei

The nuclei then undergo mitosis, forming eight ascospores

55
Q

What is conidia?

A

asexual spores, in large amounts

56
Q

How does asexual reproduction in ascomycetes occur? (2)

A

produced conidia- Produced externally in tips of hyphae called conidiophores

Dispersed by wind]

57
Q

What phylum are basidiomycetes, and how do they get nutrition?

A

phylum Basidiomycota

Includes mutualists, decomposers, or parasites

58
Q

Examples of basidiomycete parasites and decomposers

A

Parasites includes rusts and smut

Decomposers can break down complex polymer lignin

59
Q

What is a basidium, and what is a club-shaped basidium called?

A

a cell in which karyogamy occurs, followed immediately by meiosis

Club shaped basidium gives rise to the common name club fungus

60
Q

What stage in the life cycle is dominant in basidiomycetes, and why?

A

long-lived dikaryotic mycelium, which allows for more genetic recombination events

61
Q

What do basidiomycetes produce during their sexual life cycle? (4)

A

In response to environmental stimuli, mycelium produces fruiting bodies called basidiocarp

Can produce basidiocarps quickly by absorbing water

Can form a fairy ring, or ring of mushrooms

Basidiocarps have caps that support and protect dikaryotic basidia on gills

62
Q

What occurs during basidiomycete karyogamy? (2)

A

During karyogamy, two nuclei in baisdium fuse, producing a diploid nucleus

Nucleus undergoes meiosis, which develop into basidiospore

62
Q

What three roles do fungi have as decomposers?

A

Can breaks won almost any carbon-containing substrate

Keeps ecosystem stocked with inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth

Unties carbon, nitrogen, and other elements from roganic matter

62
Q

What are endophytes, and what two things does it do?

A

fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm

Benefit plants by rpoducing toxins that deter herbivores

Can increase tolerance of heat, drought, or heavy metals

62
Q

How do fungi form mutualistic relationships with animals?

A

help animals digest food
Leaf-cutter ants farm these fungi so they can breakdown leaves

62
Q

What is lichen, what does it grow on, and what is the constituents of lichen?

A

Symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and fungus

Grows on surfaces of rocks, trees, roofs, and rotting logs

Microorganism can be green algae or cyanobacteria

Fungi is usually an ascomycete, but can also either be glomeromycete or basidiomycete

62
Q

What is the asexual life cycle of lichen?

A

Fragmentation or formation of soredia

Soredia- small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

62
Q

What does the constituents of lichen do?

A

Fungus gives the shape and structure, as well as a suitable environment for growth

while the algae occupy the inner layer below the surface and provide carbon compounds.

Cyanobacteria fixes nitrogen and provides organic nitrogen compounds

62
Q

What are additional things fungi provides for lichen? (2)

A

Also allows for gas exchange, as well as providing protection and retention of water and minerals

Can also secrete acids with help uptake minerals

62
Q

Why is lichen important?

A

breaks down surfaces and allows for plants to grow

63
Q

how can fungi act as parasites? (4)

A

Causes loss of about 10-50% fruit harvest

Can produce compounds toxic to humans

Led to extinction of frog and amphibian species
Due to skin infection

Mycosis- infection in an animal by a fungal parasite

64
Q

What are examples of mycosis?

A

Skin mycosis- Ringworm, athlete’s foot

Systematic mycoses- spread through the body and causes serious illnesses
From inhaled spores
Ex- yeast infection

65
Q

How is fungi used practically (6)

A

used to ripen blue cheese

Can be edible, like truffles

Yeast to produce alcohol beverages, or bake bread

Used in medicine to lower blood pressure, produce antibiotics

Used in basic reseachto study genetics of eukaryotes

Used to produce human glycoproteins

BI158 (16 decks)

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