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Pediatric Nursing Care > Chapter 52: The Child with a Neurologic Alteration > Flashcards

Chapter 52: The Child with a Neurologic Alteration Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes include increased ICP, infection, and tumors

A

seizures

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2
Q

Symmetric and rhythmic, consisting of alternating contraction and relaxation of major muscle groups

A

clonic phase

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3
Q

Results after an injury that may have occurred prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally

A

cerebral palsy

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4
Q

Treatment goals for a child with hydrocephalus is to _________________ and ________________ from increased ICP.

A

reduce disability, prevent death

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5
Q

Saclike protrusion is filled with CSF, meninges, nerve roots, and spinal cord

A

spina bifida cystica: myelomeningocele

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6
Q

Treatment for rapidly-progressing Guillain-Barré Syndrome

A

IV immunoglobulin (IVIG)

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7
Q

Symptoms include photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting, and irritability

A

migraine

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8
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

widening pulse pressure
bradycardia
irregular respirations

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9
Q

Severe complication of increased ICP

A

brain stem herniation

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10
Q

Key diagnostic feature is lumbar puncture

A

meningitis

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11
Q

The ________________, which later forms the ___________________, is formed in the first few weeks of pregnancy before the mother knows that she is pregnant.

A

neural tube, spinal cord

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12
Q

If a brain bleed occurs without a fracture in an infant or young child, suspect ___________________. This is a sign of ________.

A

shaken baby syndrome, abuse

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13
Q

Patients with spina bifida are at an increased risk of developing ________ allergies

A

latex

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14
Q

If fatal, people with Guillain-Barré Syndrome will most often die from ____________________ such as __________________

A

respiratory complications, respiratory paralysis

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15
Q

Only a limited functional area in one hemisphere of the brain is involved with symptoms seen on only one side of the body

A

focal seizure

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16
Q

Common in children who play sports

A

concussion

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17
Q

Very brief episodes of altered consciousness with typically no muscle activity

A

absence seizures

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18
Q

Myelomeningoceles are the most _________ form of spina bifida and are often accompanied by a diagnosis of ________________.

A

severe, hydrocephalus

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19
Q

Treat status epilepticus with with benzodiazepines: _____________, _____________, ______________
Then give __________________
Then give ____________________

A

diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, phosphenytoin, phenobarbital

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20
Q

____________ (an osmotic diuretic) or _________ saline can help decrease ICP

A

Mannitol, hypertonic

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21
Q

Sustained, generalized stiffening of muscles, including diaphragm, lasting a few seconds

A

tonic phase

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22
Q

Mildest form of spina bifida with few manifestations other than a tuft of hair or dimple

A

spina bifida occulta

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23
Q

Raccoon eyes and Battle sign indicate ____________________.

A

basilar skull fracture

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24
Q

Monitor CBC, liver enzymes, and medication levels closely with these medications

A

antiepileptic medications

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25
Q

lacks ability to think clearly and rapidly

A

confused

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26
Q

Alternative treatment for epileptic seizures

A

strict ketogenic diet

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27
Q

Manifestations in an infant include poor feeding or vomiting; irritability, restlessness, or lethargy; bulging fontanel; high-pitched cry; increased head circumference; separation of cranial sutures; distended scalp veins; eyes deviated downward (“setting sun” sign); and increased or decreased response to pain.

A

increased ICP

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28
Q

Most common infectious process affecting CNS

A

meningitis

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29
Q

Saclike protrusion containing meninges and CSF

A

spina bifida cystica: meningocele

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30
Q

Manifestations in a child include headache, diplopia, mood swings, slurred speech, papilledema (after 48 hours), altered LOC, and nausea and vomiting (especially in morning).

A

increased ICP

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31
Q

Before the suture lines have closed, the infant with hydrocephalus will have a(n) _________________ with rapidly growing ____________________________.

A

enlarged head, head circumference

32
Q

A ___________________________ is placed to drain excess CSF. It enters the _____________ and follows a drain into the ____________________ where it is reabsorbed and excreted

A

ventriculoperitoneal shunt, ventricles, peritoneal cavity

33
Q

awakens easily but exhibits limited responsiveness

A

lethargic

34
Q

Develops as the result of an imbalance of production and absorption of CSF

A

hydrocephalus

35
Q

Brain bleed between the dura mater and the brain
Often (arterial, venous)

A

subdural hematoma, venous

36
Q

Characterized by rapidly progressing limb weakness (progressive ascending paralysis), loss of deep tendon reflexes, and acute demyelinization of the nerves

A

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

37
Q

Can be a complication of neurosurgery, systemic infection, or sinus or ear infection

A

meningitis

38
Q

two types of spina bifida cystica

A

meningocele, myelomeningocele

39
Q

Consists of brief paroxysmal behavior caused by excessive discharge of neurons

A

seizure

40
Q

May originate as a viral infection or reaction to influenza vaccine

A

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

41
Q

Another concussion occurs before first concussion has healed

A

second impact syndrome

42
Q

Cause abrupt arrest of activity and impairment of consciousness

A

tonic-clonic seizures

43
Q

Lack of ______________ in the early days of pregnancy is thought to result in spina bifida

A

folic acid

44
Q

Prolonged seizure activity that lasts more than 5 minutes or multiple seizures in a brief period

A

status epilepticus

45
Q

Ventricles within brain become dilated and result in symptoms of ICP

A

hydrocephalus

46
Q

No herniation of spinal cord or meninges

A

spina bifida occulta

47
Q

lacks ability to recognize place or person

A

disoriented

48
Q

Babies with spina bifida cystica must be born by this method

A

Cesarean section

49
Q

_________________ extremities are common in myelomeningoceles due to the restriction of fetal movement in utero. One example of this is ____________.

A

Deformed, club foot

50
Q

Mild to incapacitating headache sometimes preceded by an aura and can coexist with depression and anxiety

A

migraine

51
Q

sleeps and, once aroused, has limited interaction with environment

A

obtunded

52
Q

Causes include head injuries, infection, hypoxia, tumors, aneurysms, or hydrocephalus

A

increased ICP

53
Q

Never give ______________ to a child with increased ICP because it can cause ____________

A

lumbar puncture, herniation

54
Q

Headache characterized by generalized pain, band-like tightness or pressure, tight neck muscles, and sore scalp

A

tension headache

55
Q

This treatment may be implemented if child is not responsive to antiepileptic medications and seizure activity is great

A

Vagus nerve stimulator

56
Q

Diagnosed when the pressure within the skull is sustained at ___ mmHg for ___ minutes or more

A

Increased ICP, 20, 5

57
Q

Cause abrupt loss of postural tone, impairment of consciousness, confusion, lethargy, and sleep

A

atonic seizures

58
Q

These can occur if temperature rises rapidly

A

febrile seizures

59
Q

Often accompanied by comorbidities such as cognitive impairment; hearing, speech, and visual impairments; and seizures.

A

cerebral palsy

60
Q

Chronic, nonprogressive disorder of posture and movement that involves difficulty controlling muscles

A

cerebral palsy

61
Q

Brain bleed between skull and dura mater
Often (arterial, venous) and may require surgical evacuation

A

epidural hematoma, arterial

62
Q

severe form of spinal bifida

A

spina bifida cystica

63
Q

vigorous stimulation produces no response

A

coma

64
Q

Color of CSF should always be _______. If not, infection is indicated.

A

clear

65
Q

Most commonly congenital but can result from trauma, hemorrhage, brain tumors, or meningitis

A

hydrocephalus

66
Q

Autoimmune neurologic disorder of peripheral nervous system

A

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

67
Q

Another term for cerebral palsy (before age of 2)

A

static encephalopathy

68
Q

Brief, random contractions of a muscle group, followed by loss of muscle tone and forward falling

A

myoclonic seizures

69
Q

Treatments for cerebral palsy include ______________ via a pump, __________, and ________ injections.

A

intrathecal baclofen, benzodiazepines, Botox

70
Q

awake, alert, oriented, interacts with environment

A

full consciousness

71
Q

Symptoms include headache, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, and altered LOC

A

meningitis

72
Q

Manifestations vary, but most cases show persistent primitive reflexes, delayed gross motor development, and abnormal muscle tone.

A

cerebral palsy

73
Q

requires stimulation to arouse

A

stupor

74
Q

Congenital neural tube defects (NTD) that results in an incomplete closure of the vertebrae, which exposes the spinal cord

A

spina bifida

75
Q

impairment of reality with hallucinations possible

A

delirious

Pediatric Nursing Care (17 decks)

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